Urnovitz H B, Murphy W H
Calypte Biomedical Corporation, Berkeley, California 94710, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996 Jan;9(1):72-99. doi: 10.1128/CMR.9.1.72.
Retroviral diagnostics have become standard in human laboratory medicine. While current emphasis is placed on the human exogenous viruses (human immunodeficiency virus and human T-cell leukemia virus), evidence implicating human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in various human disease entities continues to mount. Literature on the occurrence of HERVs in human tissues and cells was analyzed. Substantial evidence documents that retrovirus particles were clearly demonstrable in various tissues and cells in both health and disease and were abundant in the placenta and that their occurrence could be implicated in some of the reproductive diseases. The characteristics of HERVs are summarized, mechanisms of replication and regulation are outlined, and the consistent hormonal responsiveness of HERVs is noted. Clear evidence implicating HERV gene products as participants in glomerulonephritis in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is adduced. Data implicating HERVs as etiologic factors in reproductive diseases, in some of the autoimmune diseases, in some forms of rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disease, in psoriasis, and in some of the inflammatory neurologic diseases are reviewed. The current major needs are to improve methods for HERV detection, to identify the most appropriate HERV prototypes, and to develop diagnostic reagents so that the putative biologic and pathologic roles of HERVs can be better evaluated.
逆转录病毒诊断已成为人类实验室医学的标准。虽然目前重点关注人类外源性病毒（人类免疫缺陷病毒和人类T细胞白血病病毒），但越来越多的证据表明人类内源性逆转录病毒（HERV）与各种人类疾病有关。对关于HERV在人体组织和细胞中存在情况的文献进行了分析。大量证据表明，在健康和疾病状态下，逆转录病毒颗粒在各种组织和细胞中都清晰可见，在胎盘中含量丰富，其存在可能与某些生殖疾病有关。总结了HERV的特征，概述了其复制和调控机制，并指出了HERV一致的激素反应性。提出了明确的证据，表明在某些系统性红斑狼疮病例中，HERV基因产物参与了肾小球肾炎。综述了有关HERV作为生殖疾病、某些自身免疫性疾病、某些类风湿性关节炎和结缔组织疾病、银屑病以及某些炎症性神经疾病病因的相关数据。当前的主要需求是改进HERV检测方法，确定最合适的HERV原型，并开发诊断试剂，以便能更好地评估HERV假定的生物学和病理学作用。
