Culture care theory, research, and practice.

Today nurses are facing a world in which they are almost forced to use transculturally-based nursing theories and practices in order to care for people of diverse cultures. The author, who in the mid-50s pioneered the development of the first transcultural nursing theory with a care focus, discusses the relevance, assumptions, and predictions of the culture care theory along with the ethnonursing research method. The author contends that transcultural nursing findings are gradually transforming nursing practice and are providing a new paradigm shift from traditional medical and unicultural practice to multiculturally congruent and specific care modalities. A few research findings are presented to show the importance of being attentive to cultural care diversities and universalities as the major tenets of the theory. In addition, some major contributions of the theory are cited along with major challenges for the immediate future.