Kolman C J, Sambuughin N, Bermingham E
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá.
Genetics. 1996 Apr;142(4):1321-34. doi: 10.1093/genetics/142.4.1321.
High levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity were determined for Mongolian populations, represented by the Mongol-speaking Khalkha and Dariganga. Although 103 samples were collected across Mongolia, low levels of genetic substructuring were detected, reflecting the nomadic lifestyle and relatively recent ethnic differentiation of Mongolian populations. mtDNA control region I sequence and seven additional mtDNA polymorphisms were assayed to allow extensive comparison with previous human population studies. Based on a comparative analysis, we propose that indigenous populations in east Central Asia represent the closest genetic link between Old and New World populations. Utilizing restriction/deletion polymorphisms, Mongolian populations were found to carry all four New World founding haplogroups as defined by WALLACE and coworkers. The ubiquitous presence of the four New World haplogroups in the Americas but narrow distribution across Asia weakens support for GREENBERG and coworkers' theory of New World colonization via three independent migrations. The statistical and geographic scarcity of New World haplogroups in Asia makes it improbable that the same four haplotypes would be drawn from one geographic region three independent times. Instead, it is likely that founder effects manifest throughout Asia and the Americas are responsible for differences in mtDNA haplotype frequencies observed in these regions.
以说蒙古语的喀尔喀人和达里甘加人为代表的蒙古人群体呈现出高水平的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）多样性。尽管在蒙古各地采集了103个样本，但检测到的遗传亚结构水平较低，这反映了蒙古人群体的游牧生活方式和相对较新的种族分化。对mtDNA控制区I序列和另外七个mtDNA多态性进行了检测，以便与之前的人类群体研究进行广泛比较。基于比较分析，我们提出中亚东部的土著群体代表了旧世界和新世界群体之间最紧密的遗传联系。利用限制性/缺失多态性，发现蒙古人群体携带了由华莱士及其同事定义的所有四个新世界奠基单倍群。这四个新世界单倍群在美洲普遍存在，但在亚洲分布狭窄，这削弱了对格林伯格及其同事提出的通过三次独立迁徙进行新世界殖民化理论的支持。亚洲新世界单倍群在统计和地理上的稀缺性使得不太可能三次独立地从一个地理区域中抽取相同的四种单倍型。相反，很可能是在亚洲和美洲各地出现的奠基者效应导致了在这些地区观察到的mtDNA单倍型频率差异。
