Doubt T J
Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 May;28(5):581-6. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199605000-00007.
Recreational SCUBA diving exposes individuals to environmental stresses not often encountered in other types of activity. These stresses include increased ambient pressure, raised partial pressure of O(2), increased resistance to movement, added weight and drag of diving equipment, cold stress, and a higher breathing resistance. One means to understand how such stresses affect a diver is to employ the stress-strain-adaptive response model. Physiologic adaptations, like an increase in VO(2) in response to cold stress, will minimize the strain placed on thermal balance. Nonphysiologic adaptive responses include those behavioral and equipment interventions that isolate the diver from a particular stress. Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) isolates the diver from the inability to extract O(2) from the water; dive garments minimize the stress of cold water immersion. This review will focus on cardiorespiratory and thermal responses to SCUBA diving, using the stress-strain-adaptive response model to illustrate the interaction between diver and environment. Some responses like hyperventilation, cardiac arrhythmias, or cold injury due to vasoconstriction are not considered adaptive but are realistic possibilities in diving environments.
休闲水肺潜水会使个体面临其他类型活动中不常遇到的环境压力。这些压力包括环境压力增加、氧气分压升高、运动阻力增大、潜水装备的额外重量和阻力、冷应激以及呼吸阻力增加。理解这些压力如何影响潜水员的一种方法是采用压力 - 应变 - 适应性反应模型。生理适应性变化，如因冷应激导致的摄氧量增加，将使热平衡所承受的应变最小化。非生理适应性反应包括那些使潜水员与特定压力隔离开的行为和装备干预措施。自给式水下呼吸器（水肺）使潜水员免受无法从水中摄取氧气的影响；潜水服可将冷水浸泡的压力降至最低。本综述将聚焦于水肺潜水时的心肺和热反应，运用压力 - 应变 - 适应性反应模型来说明潜水员与环境之间的相互作用。某些反应，如过度换气、心律失常或因血管收缩导致的冷损伤，不被视为适应性反应，但在潜水环境中却是切实可能发生的情况。
