Rideout B A, Gardiner C H, Stalis I H, Zuba J R, Hadfield T, Visvesvara G S
Department of Pathology, Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San Diego Wild Animal Park, CA, USA.
Vet Pathol. 1997 Jan;34(1):15-22. doi: 10.1177/030098589703400103.
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a newly described free-living amoeba capable of causing fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. Because the number of human cases is rapidly increasing, this infection is now considered an important emerging disease by the medical community. A retrospective review of the pathology database for the Zoological Society of San Diego (the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Wild Animal Park) for the period July 1965 through December 1994 revealed five cases of amoebic meningoencephalitis, all in Old World primates. The infected animals were a 3-year, 10-month-old female mandrill (Papio sphinx), from which the original isolation of B. mandrillaris was made, a 5-year-old male white-cheeked gibbon (Hylobates concolor leucogenys), a 1-year-old female western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), a 13-year, 5-month-old male western lowland gorilla, and a 6-year-old female Kikuyu colobus monkey (Colobus guereza kikuyuensis). Two different disease patterns were identified: the gibbon, mandrill, and 1-year-old gorilla had an acute to subacute necrotizing amoebic meningoencephalitis with a short clinical course, and the adult gorilla and colobus monkey had a granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis with extraneural fibrogranulomatous inflammatory lesions and a long clinical course. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of amoebas in brain sections with a Balamuthia-specific polyclonal antibody was positive in all five animals. Indirect immunofluorescent staining for several species of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri, and Hartmanella vermiformis was negative. Direct examination of water and soil samples from the gorilla and former mandrill enclosures revealed unidentified amoebas in 11/27 samples, but intraperitoneal inoculations in mice failed to induce disease. Attempts to isolate amoebas from frozen tissues from the adult male gorilla were unsuccessful.
曼氏巴通体是一种新发现的自由生活变形虫，可在人和动物中引起致命的脑膜脑炎。由于人类病例数量迅速增加，这种感染现在被医学界视为一种重要的新出现疾病。对圣地亚哥动物学会（圣地亚哥动物园和圣地亚哥野生动物公园）1965年7月至1994年12月期间的病理学数据库进行回顾性研究，发现了5例阿米巴脑膜脑炎病例，均发生在旧世界灵长类动物身上。受感染的动物包括一只3岁10个月大的雌性山魈（狮尾狒狒），最初从其身上分离出曼氏巴通体；一只5岁的雄性白颊长臂猿（白颊长臂猿指名亚种）；一只1岁的雌性西部低地大猩猩（西部低地大猩猩指名亚种）；一只13岁5个月大的雄性西部低地大猩猩；以及一只6岁的雌性基库尤疣猴（黑白疣猴基库尤亚种）。确定了两种不同的疾病模式：长臂猿、山魈和1岁的大猩猩患有急性至亚急性坏死性阿米巴脑膜脑炎，临床病程较短；成年大猩猩和疣猴患有肉芽肿性阿米巴脑膜脑炎，伴有神经外纤维肉芽肿性炎症病变，临床病程较长。用曼氏巴通体特异性多克隆抗体对脑切片中的变形虫进行间接免疫荧光染色，在所有五只动物中均呈阳性。对几种棘阿米巴、福氏耐格里阿米巴和蠕虫状哈氏变形虫的间接免疫荧光染色均为阴性。对大猩猩和以前山魈围栏中的水和土壤样本进行直接检测，在27份样本中的11份中发现了不明变形虫，但对小鼠进行腹腔接种未能诱发疾病。从成年雄性大猩猩的冷冻组织中分离变形虫未获成功。
