Johansson L, Solvoll K, Opdahl S, Bjørneboe G E, Drevon C A
National Nutrition Council, Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jun;51(6):346-53. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600410.
To evaluate the use of a self-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) in a national dietary survey concerning (a) response rates with different distribution methods and reward; (b) degree of underreporting of energy intake; (c) reproducibility of the QFFQ; and (d) seasonal variation on reported intake.
A pilot study was performed in 1992 to test response rates to the QFFQ with three different distribution methods, with and without reward, in a random sample of 1200 adults aged 16-79 y. In another study, the QFFQ was distributed to a nation-wide, representative random sample of 5008 adults aged 16-79 y during June, September, November 1993 and March 1994. Reproducibility was evaluated among 90 responders to the survey who answered another QFFQ six weeks later.
The distribution method combining postal distribution and collecting the QFFQ by interviewer as well as an offer to participate in a lottery, gave the highest response rate (72%). The possibility to get a reward increased the response rate by 9, 14 and 57%, respectively, depending on the distribution method used. The mean daily energy intake and the percentage of subjects claiming to have unlikely low energy intake did not differ significantly between the different ways of distribution. In the main survey the mean ratio between energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate was 1.58 among men and 1.47 among women, and 37% of men and 45% of women had a ratio below 1.35. Spearman rank correlations between the two QFFQ ranged from 0.48 (edible fats) to 0.91 (coffee) with a median coefficient of 0.70. For nutrients correlations ranged from 0.55 (carbohydrate E%) to 0.81 (alcohol), with a median coefficient of 0.72. The season of questionnaire administration was of minor importance for the reported intake of the main foods and nutrients.
The QFFQ-method is suitable for use in a Norwegian nutritional surveillance system.
National Nutrition Council, Ministry for Agriculture, Ministry for Health and Social Affairs and Norwegian Research Council.
在一项全国性饮食调查中评估自行填写的定量食物频率问卷（QFFQ）的使用情况，内容包括：（a）不同分发方式和奖励措施下的回复率；（b）能量摄入报告不足的程度；（c）QFFQ的可重复性；（d）报告摄入量的季节变化。
1992年进行了一项试点研究，以测试1200名年龄在16 - 79岁的成年人随机样本对QFFQ采用三种不同分发方式（有奖励和无奖励）的回复率。在另一项研究中，1993年6月、9月、11月及1994年3月期间，将QFFQ分发给全国范围内5008名年龄在16 - 79岁的具有代表性的随机样本成年人。在90名参与调查的受访者中评估可重复性，这些受访者在六周后回答了另一份QFFQ。
将邮寄分发与访员收集QFFQ以及提供参与抽奖相结合的分发方式，回复率最高（72%）。根据所使用的分发方式，获得奖励的可能性分别使回复率提高了9%、14%和57%。不同分发方式之间，每日平均能量摄入量以及声称能量摄入极低的受试者百分比没有显著差异。在主要调查中，男性能量摄入量与估计基础代谢率的平均比值为1.58，女性为1.47，37%的男性和45%的女性该比值低于1.35。两份QFFQ之间的斯皮尔曼等级相关性范围从0.48（食用脂肪）到0.91（咖啡），中位数系数为0.70。对于营养素，相关性范围从0.55（碳水化合物能量百分比）到0.81（酒精），中位数系数为0.72。问卷发放季节对主要食物和营养素的报告摄入量影响较小。
QFFQ方法适用于挪威营养监测系统。
国家营养委员会、农业部、卫生与社会事务部以及挪威研究理事会。
