Friedell G H, Jacobs J B, Nagy G K, Cohen S M
Am J Pathol. 1977 Nov;89(2):431-42.
Carcinoma of the urinary bladder appears to arise, in at least some cases, from carcinoma in situ developing in a field of atypical epithelial proliferation. There is both a spatial and temporal relationship between invasive and in situ bladder cancer, although the exact relationship between the noninvasive flat and papillary types of tumors is not known. Prenoeplastic bladder lesions are defined as irreversible, although not necessarily progressive, and an experimental animal model of the disease has been developed. The appearance of pleomorphic microvilli on the luminal surface of epithelial cells of the urinary bladders of Fischer rats is correlated with the irreversibility of hyperplastic epithelial lesions induced by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) to the test animals. This alteration can be visualized by scanning electron microscopy of cytologic and histologic preparations.
膀胱癌似乎至少在某些情况下起源于非典型上皮增生区域发展而来的原位癌。浸润性和原位膀胱癌之间存在空间和时间上的关系，尽管非浸润性扁平型和乳头状肿瘤的确切关系尚不清楚。癌前膀胱病变被定义为不可逆的，尽管不一定会进展，并且已经建立了该疾病的实验动物模型。给实验动物喂食N-[4-(5-硝基-2-呋喃基)-2-噻唑基]甲酰胺（FANFT）诱导的增生性上皮病变的不可逆性与Fischer大鼠膀胱上皮细胞腔表面多形性微绒毛的出现相关。这种改变可以通过对细胞学和组织学制剂进行扫描电子显微镜观察来可视化。
