Blundell J E, MacDiarmid J I
Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Jul;97(7 Suppl):S63-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00733-5.
Many people experience great difficulty in preventing energy intake from outstripping energy expenditure. Eating high-fat foods can facilitate the development of short-term positive energy balances by influencing satiation and satiety, the processes that control the size of eating episodes and the strength of postingestive appetite inhibition, respectively. An important feature of these processes is the relative potency of orosensory, postingestive (preabsorptive), and postabsorptive signals. Foods high in dietary fat have a weak effect on satiation, which leads to a form of passive overconsumption, and a disproportionately weak effect on satiety (joule-for-joule compared with protein and carbohydrate). This overconsumption (high-fat hyperphagia) is dependent upon both the high energy density and the potent sensory qualities (high palatability) of high-fat foods. A positive fat balance does not appear to generate a tendency for behavioral compensation, and there appears to be almost no autoregulatory link between fat oxidation and fat intake. The Leeds High Fat Study has found a higher frequency of obesity among high-fat than low-fat consumers, but the relationship between fat consumption and obesity is not a biologic imperative: analysis of the pathways between daily fat intakes and patterns of eating has revealed high-risk eating episodes. The physiologic responses to fat ingestion appear to be weak compared with the potent orosensory properties of high-fat foods, and such responses cannot prevent overconsumption. A first stage in a health program should be to prevent passive overconsumption.
许多人在防止能量摄入超过能量消耗方面面临巨大困难。食用高脂肪食物会通过影响饱腹感和饱足感来促进短期正能量平衡的形成，这两个过程分别控制进食量的大小和进食后食欲抑制的强度。这些过程的一个重要特征是口腔感觉、进食后（吸收前）和吸收后信号的相对效力。高脂肪食物对饱腹感的影响较弱，这会导致一种被动过度消费的形式，并且对饱足感的影响相对较弱（与蛋白质和碳水化合物相比，每焦耳的影响较小）。这种过度消费（高脂肪贪食症）既取决于高脂肪食物的高能量密度，也取决于其强烈的感官特性（高适口性）。正脂肪平衡似乎不会产生行为补偿的倾向，并且脂肪氧化与脂肪摄入之间似乎几乎没有自动调节联系。利兹高脂肪研究发现，高脂肪食物消费者的肥胖发生率高于低脂肪食物消费者，但脂肪消费与肥胖之间的关系并非必然：对每日脂肪摄入量与饮食模式之间途径的分析揭示了高风险的进食行为。与高脂肪食物强大的口腔感觉特性相比，对脂肪摄入的生理反应似乎较弱，并且这种反应无法防止过度消费。健康计划的第一步应该是防止被动过度消费。
