Broadhead C L, Bottrill K
FRAME, Nottingham, UK.
Mol Med Today. 1997 Nov;3(11):483-7. doi: 10.1016/S1357-4310(97)01110-6.
In 1959, Russell and Burch published their recommendations for applying the Three Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement alternatives) to the use of animals in scientific experimentation. At this time, they could not have predicted the effect of this fundamental concept on academic and industrial animal experimentation and in biomedical education. Although more than 30 years have passed, their ideas are gaining respectability and wide acceptance. This article reviews the recent advances in the use of non-animal methods in biomedical research, and discusses the outlook for the further implementation of 'alternatives'.
1959年，拉塞尔和伯奇发表了他们关于在科学实验中对动物应用“3R原则”（减少、优化和替代方法）的建议。在那个时候，他们不可能预见到这一基本理念对学术和工业动物实验以及生物医学教育所产生的影响。尽管已经过去了30多年，但他们的观点正逐渐获得认可并被广泛接受。本文回顾了生物医学研究中使用非动物方法的最新进展，并探讨了进一步实施“替代方法”的前景。
