儿童时期接触细颗粒物（PM10）：个人、教室和室外浓度之间的关系。
Childhood exposure to PM10: relation between personal, classroom, and outdoor concentrations.
作者信息
Janssen N A, Hoek G, Harssema H, Brunekreef B
机构信息
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.
出版信息
Occup Environ Med. 1997 Dec;54(12):888-94. doi: 10.1136/oem.54.12.888.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the validity of outdoor concentrations of particulate matter < 10 microns diameter (PM10) as a measure of exposure in time series studies, and to study the extent to which differences between personal and outdoor PM10 concentrations can be explained.
METHODS
Four to eight repeated measurements of personal and outdoor PM10 concentrations were conducted for 45 children, aged 10-12 years, from four schools in Wageningen and Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Repeated PM10 measurements in the classrooms were conducted in three of the schools. Averaging time was 24 hours for the personal and outdoor measurements, and eight hours (daytime) and 24 hours for the classroom measurements. For each child separately, personal exposures were related to outdoor concentrations in a regression analysis. The distribution of the individual correlation and regression coefficients was investigated. Information about factors that might influence personal exposures was obtained by questionnaire.
RESULTS
Median Pearson's correlations between personal and outdoor concentrations were 0.63 for children with parents who did not smoke and 0.59 for children with parents who smoked. For children with parents who did not smoke, excluding days with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) improved the correlation to a median R of 0.73. The mean personal PM10 concentration was 105 micrograms/m3; on average 67 micrograms/m3 higher than the corresponding outdoor concentrations. The main part of this difference could be attributed to exposure to ETS, to high PM10 concentrations in the classrooms, and to (indoor) physical activity.
CONCLUSIONS
The results show a reasonably high correlation between repeated personal and outdoor PM10 measurements within children, providing support for the use of fixed site measurements as a measure of exposure to PM10 in epidemiological time series studies. The large differences between personal and outdoor PM10 concentrations probably result from a child's proximity to particle generating sources and particles resuspended by personal activities.
目的
在时间序列研究中，调查室外直径小于10微米的颗粒物（PM10）浓度作为暴露量指标的有效性，并研究个人与室外PM10浓度差异的可解释程度。
方法
对来自荷兰瓦赫宁恩和阿姆斯特丹四所学校的45名10至12岁儿童进行了4至8次个人和室外PM10浓度的重复测量。在其中三所学校的教室中进行了PM10的重复测量。个人和室外测量的平均时间为24小时，教室测量的平均时间为8小时（白天）和24小时。对每个孩子分别进行回归分析，将个人暴露量与室外浓度相关联。研究了个体相关系数和回归系数的分布。通过问卷调查获取可能影响个人暴露的因素信息。
结果
父母不吸烟的儿童，其个人与室外浓度之间的皮尔逊中位数相关性为0.63；父母吸烟的儿童，该相关性为0.59。对于父母不吸烟的儿童，排除暴露于环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的日子后，相关性提高到中位数R为0.73。个人PM10平均浓度为105微克/立方米；平均比相应的室外浓度高67微克/立方米。这种差异的主要部分可归因于暴露于ETS、教室中高PM10浓度以及（室内）身体活动。
结论
结果表明儿童个人与室外PM重复测量的PM10之间存在相当高的相关性,为在流行病学时间序列研究中使用固定地点测量作为PM10暴露量指标提供了支持。个人与室外PM10浓度之间的巨大差异可能是由于儿童靠近颗粒物产生源以及个人活动使颗粒物重新悬浮所致。
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