Benjamin A S, Bjork R A, Schwartz B L
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1998 Mar;127(1):55-68. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.127.1.55.
The experiments address the degree to which retrieval fluency--the case with which information is accessed from long-term memory--guides and occasionally misleads metamnemonic judgments. In each of 3 experiments, participants' predictions of their own future recall performance were examined under conditions in which probability or speed of retrieval at one time or on one task is known to be negatively related to retrieval probability on a later task. Participants' predictions reflected retrieval fluency on the initial task in each case, which led to striking mismatches between their predicted and actual performance on the later tasks. The results suggest that retrieval fluency is a potent but not necessarily reliable source of information for metacognitive judgments. Aspects of the results suggest that a basis on which better and poorer rememberers differ is the degree to which certain memory dynamics are understood, such as the fleeting nature of recency effects and the consequences of an initial retrieval. The results have pedagogical as well as theoretical implications, particularly with respect to the education of subjective assessments of ongoing learning.
这些实验探讨了提取流畅性（即从长期记忆中获取信息的难易程度）在多大程度上引导并偶尔误导元记忆判断。在三个实验中的每一个实验里，研究人员考察了在一次或一项任务中提取概率或速度与后续任务的提取概率呈负相关的条件下，参与者对自己未来回忆表现的预测。在每种情况下，参与者的预测都反映了初始任务的提取流畅性，这导致他们在后续任务中的预测表现与实际表现之间出现了显著差异。结果表明，提取流畅性是元认知判断的一个强大但不一定可靠的信息来源。结果的某些方面表明，记性好与记性差的人之间存在差异的一个基础在于对某些记忆动态的理解程度，比如近因效应的短暂性以及初始提取的后果。这些结果具有教学和理论意义，特别是在对正在进行的学习进行主观评估的教育方面。
