O'Toole A J, Deffenbacher K A, Valentin D, McKee K, Huff D, Abdi H
School of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688, USA.
Mem Cognit. 1998 Jan;26(1):146-60. doi: 10.3758/bf03211378.
The perception of face gender was examined in the context of extending "face space" models of human face representations to include the perceptual categories defined by male and female faces. We collected data on the recognizability, gender classifiability (reaction time to classify a face as male/female), attractiveness, and masculinity/femininity of individual male and female faces. Factor analyses applied separately to the data for male and female faces yielded the following results. First, for both male and female faces, the recognizability and gender classifiability of faces were independent--a result inconsistent with the hypothesis that both recognizability and gender classifiability depend on a face's "distance" from the subcategory gender prototype. Instead, caricatured aspects of gender (femininity/masculinity ratings) related to the gender classifiability of the faces. Second, facial attractiveness related inversely to face recognizability for male, but not for female, faces--a result that resolves inconsistencies in previous studies. Third, attractiveness and femininity for female faces were nearly equivalent, but attractiveness and masculinity for male faces were not equivalent. Finally, we applied principal component analysis to the pixel-coded face images with the aim of extracting measures related to the gender classifiability and recognizability of individual faces. We incorporated these model-derived measures into the factor analysis with the human rating and performance measures. This combined analysis indicated that face recognizability is related to the distinctiveness of a face with respect to its gender subcategory prototype. Additionally, the gender classifiability of faces related to at least one caricatured aspect of face gender.
在将人类面部表征的“面部空间”模型扩展到包括由男性和女性面孔定义的感知类别这一背景下，对面部性别认知进行了研究。我们收集了关于个体男性和女性面孔的可识别性、性别可分类性（将面孔分类为男性/女性的反应时间）、吸引力以及阳刚之气/阴柔之美的数据。分别对男性和女性面孔的数据进行因子分析，得出了以下结果。首先，对于男性和女性面孔，面孔的可识别性和性别可分类性是相互独立的——这一结果与可识别性和性别可分类性都取决于面孔与子类别性别原型的“距离”这一假设不一致。相反，与面孔性别可分类性相关的是性别的漫画化方面（阴柔之美/阳刚之气评分）。其次，面部吸引力与男性面孔的可识别性呈负相关，但与女性面孔的可识别性无关——这一结果解决了先前研究中的不一致之处。第三，女性面孔的吸引力和阴柔之美几乎相当，但男性面孔的吸引力和阳刚之气并不相当。最后，我们对面部图像的像素编码应用主成分分析，目的是提取与个体面孔的性别可分类性和可识别性相关的指标。我们将这些从模型得出的指标纳入到包含人类评分和表现指标的因子分析中。这种综合分析表明，面孔可识别性与面孔相对于其性别子类别原型的独特性有关。此外，面孔的性别可分类性与面孔性别的至少一个漫画化方面有关。
