Litowitz B E
Department of Psychiatry, Rush Medical School, Chicago, USA.
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1998;46(1):121-48. doi: 10.1177/000306519804600108.
Freud's 1925 paper on negation provides the foundation for exploring an expanded developmental line of negation. Incorporating evidence from child language studies and explanations from the philosophy of language, this paper describes three types of negation that emerge in a developmental sequence: rejection, refusal, and denial. Clinical examples illustrate each type of negation, demonstrating how it might appear in clinical interactions. Along the way, confusions in terminology (due partly to translation problems) and questions for developmental theory are discussed. An expanded developmental line of negation provides additional interpretive perspectives on the forms of defense that Freud was addressing in "Negation" (1925) and subsequent papers (1927, 1940a,b).
弗洛伊德1925年关于否定的论文为探索否定这一扩展的发展路线奠定了基础。结合儿童语言研究的证据和语言哲学的解释，本文描述了按发展顺序出现的三种否定类型：拒绝、回绝和否认。临床实例阐释了每种否定类型，展示了其在临床互动中可能的表现形式。在此过程中，讨论了术语上的混淆（部分归因于翻译问题）以及发展理论相关的问题。否定这一扩展的发展路线为弗洛伊德在《否定》（1925年）及后续论文（1927年、1940年a、b）中所探讨的防御形式提供了更多的解释视角。
