Gosling S D, John O P, Craik K H, Robins R W
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 May;74(5):1337-49. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1337.
Behavioral acts constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits. How reliably can observers code the acts individuals perform in a specific situation? How valid are retrospective self-reports of these acts? Participants interacted in a group-discussion task and then reported their act frequencies, which were later coded by observers from videotapes. For each act, observer-observer agreement, self-observer agreement, and self-enhancement bias were examined. Findings show that (a) agreement varied greatly across acts; (b) much of this variation was predictable from properties of the acts (observability, base rate, desirability, Big Five domain); (c) on average, self-reports were positively distorted; and (d) this was particularly true for narcissistic individuals. Discussion focuses on implications for research on acts, traits, social perception, and the act frequency approach.
行为构成了人际感知的基石以及对人格特质进行推断的基础。观察者能够多可靠地对个体在特定情境中执行的行为进行编码？这些行为的回顾性自我报告的效度如何？参与者在小组讨论任务中进行互动，然后报告他们的行为频率，之后观察者从录像带中对这些行为进行编码。对于每一项行为，研究了观察者之间的一致性、自我与观察者之间的一致性以及自我增强偏差。研究结果表明：（a）不同行为之间的一致性差异很大；（b）这种差异的很大一部分可以从行为的属性（可观察性、基础概率、可取性、大五人格领域）中预测出来；（c）平均而言，自我报告存在正向扭曲；（d）对于自恋的个体尤其如此。讨论聚焦于对行为、特质、社会感知以及行为频率方法研究的启示。
