Einstein D, Lanning K
University of New South Wales.
J Pers. 1998 Aug;66(4):555-82. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.00024.
Shame, guilt, and ego development are conceptually interrelated constructs, yet their empirical relations have not yet been examined. Further, these constructs have not yet been mapped onto the widely used Five-Factor Model. In Study 1, relations were examined between these three domains within a sample of Australian university students. Two types of guilt were distinguished, Empathic Guilt (associated with Agreeableness) and Anxious Guilt (associated with Neuroticism). The relationship between Shame and Ego Level was found to be curvilinear, with Shame greatest for persons at intermediate stages of ego development. In Study 2, relations between ego development and the Five-Factor Model were further examined. Across both studies, Ego Level was best predicted from Conscientiousness among men and from Openness among women. Relations between Ego Level, proneness to shame and guilt, and the five factors were typically modest, suggesting that these represent complementary approaches to the study of personality.
羞耻、内疚和自我发展在概念上是相互关联的结构，但它们之间的实证关系尚未得到检验。此外，这些结构尚未被映射到广泛使用的五因素模型上。在研究1中，对澳大利亚大学生样本中的这三个领域之间的关系进行了检验。区分了两种类型的内疚，即移情内疚（与宜人性相关）和焦虑内疚（与神经质相关）。研究发现，羞耻与自我水平之间的关系呈曲线关系，在自我发展的中间阶段，羞耻感最强。在研究2中，进一步检验了自我发展与五因素模型之间的关系。在两项研究中，男性的尽责性和女性的开放性对自我水平的预测效果最佳。自我水平、羞耻和内疚倾向与五因素之间的关系通常较为适度，这表明这些代表了研究人格的互补方法。
