Barsalou L W, Huttenlocher J, Lamberts K
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Cogn Psychol. 1998 Aug;36(3):203-72. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1998.0687.
Exemplar, prototype, and connectionist models typically assume that events constitute the basic unit of learning and representation in categorization. In these models, each learning events updates a statistical representation of a category independently of other learning events. An implication is that events involving the same individual affect learning independently and are not integrated into a single structure that represents the individual in an internal model of the world. A series of experiments demonstrates that human subjects track individuals across events, establish representations of them, and use these representations in categorization. These findings are consistent with "representationalism," the view that an internal model of the world constitutes a physical level of representation in the brain, and that the brain does not simply capture the statistical properties of events in an undifferentiated dynamical system. Although categorization is an inherently statistical process that produces generalization, pattern completion, frequency effects, and adaptive learning, it is also an inherently representational process that establishes an internal model of the world. As a result, representational structures evolve in memory to track the histories of individuals, accumulate information about them, and simulate them in events.
范例模型、原型模型和联结主义模型通常假定，事件构成了分类学习和表征的基本单位。在这些模型中，每个学习事件独立于其他学习事件更新一个类别的统计表征。这意味着涉及同一个体的事件对学习的影响是独立的，并且不会被整合到一个在世界内部模型中表征该个体的单一结构中。一系列实验表明，人类受试者会在多个事件中追踪个体，建立对他们的表征，并在分类中使用这些表征。这些发现与“表征主义”一致，即认为世界的内部模型构成了大脑中一个物理层面的表征，并且大脑并非简单地在一个未分化的动力系统中捕捉事件的统计特性。尽管分类是一个本质上具有统计性的过程，会产生泛化、模式完成、频率效应和适应性学习，但它也是一个本质上具有表征性的过程，会建立一个世界的内部模型。因此，表征结构在记忆中不断演化，以追踪个体的经历，积累关于他们的信息，并在事件中对其进行模拟。
