Lau C H, Drinkwater R D, Yusoff K, Tan S G, Hetzel D J, Barker J S
Department of Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Anim Genet. 1998 Aug;29(4):253-64. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00309.x.
Swamp and river buffalo mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced for 303 bp of the cytochrome b gene for 54 animals from 14 populations, and for 158 bp of the D-loop region for 80 animals from 11 populations. Only one cytochrome b haplotype was found in river buffalo. Of the four haplotypes identified in swamp buffalo, one found in all populations is apparently ancestral both to the other swamp haplotypes and to the river haplotype. The phylogenetic relationships among the 33 D-loop haplotypes, with a cluster of 11 found in swamp buffalo only, also support the evolution of domesticated swamp and river buffalo from an ancestral swamp-like animal, most likely represented today by the wild Asian buffalo (Bubalus arnee). The time of divergence of the swamp and river types, estimated from the D-loop data, is 28,000 to 87,000 years ago. We hypothesise that the species originated in mainland south-east Asia, and that it spread north to China and west to the Indian subcontinent, where the rive type evolved and was domesticated. Following domestication in China, the domesticated swamp buffalo spread through two separate routes, through Taiwan and the Philippines to the eastern islands of Borneo and Sulawesi, and south through mainland south-east Asia and then to the western islands of Indonesia.
对来自14个群体的54头水牛的细胞色素b基因的303bp以及来自11个群体的80头水牛的D-loop区域的158bp进行了沼泽水牛和河流型水牛线粒体DNA（mtDNA）测序。在河流型水牛中仅发现一种细胞色素b单倍型。在沼泽水牛中鉴定出的四种单倍型中，在所有群体中都发现的一种单倍型显然是其他沼泽单倍型和河流型单倍型的祖先。33种D-loop单倍型之间的系统发育关系，其中一组11种仅在沼泽水牛中发现，也支持驯化的沼泽水牛和河流型水牛是从一种类似沼泽的祖先动物进化而来的，这种动物很可能由如今的野生亚洲水牛（Bubalus arnee）代表。根据D-loop数据估计，沼泽型和河流型的分化时间为2.8万至8.7万年前。我们推测该物种起源于东南亚大陆，向北扩散到中国，向西扩散到印度次大陆，在那里河流型水牛进化并被驯化。在中国被驯化后，驯化的沼泽水牛通过两条不同的路线传播，一条通过台湾和菲律宾到达婆罗洲和苏拉威西岛的东部岛屿，另一条向南穿过东南亚大陆，然后到达印度尼西亚的西部岛屿。
