Schützwohl A
Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Germany.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1998 Sep;24(5):1182-99. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.24.5.1182.
Through 4 experiments, the author investigated the effects of stimuli discrepant with schemas of varying strength on 3 components of surprise: the interruption of ongoing activities (indexed by response time increase), the focusing of attention on the schema-discrepant event (indexed by memory performance), and the feeling of surprise (indexed by self-reports). Response times were consistently found to increase with schema strength. This effect was attributed to the increasing difficulty of schema revision. In contrast, memory for the schema-discrepant event was not affected by schema strength, supporting the hypothesis that schema-discrepant stimuli are stored in memory with a distinct tag. Finally, self-reports of surprise intensity varied with schema strength only if they were made immediately after the surprising event without any intervening questions, suggesting that self-reports of surprise are highly susceptible to memory distortions.
通过4项实验，作者研究了与不同强度图式不一致的刺激对惊讶的三个组成部分的影响：正在进行的活动的中断（以反应时间增加为指标）、注意力集中在与图式不一致的事件上（以记忆表现为指标）以及惊讶的感觉（以自我报告为指标）。研究一致发现，反应时间会随着图式强度的增加而增加。这种效应归因于图式修正难度的增加。相比之下，对与图式不一致事件的记忆不受图式强度的影响，这支持了以下假设：与图式不一致的刺激以独特的标签存储在记忆中。最后，只有在令人惊讶的事件发生后立即进行自我报告且没有任何中间问题时，惊讶强度的自我报告才会随图式强度而变化，这表明惊讶的自我报告极易受到记忆扭曲的影响。
