Barrow M W, Clark K A
Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
Am Fam Physician. 1998 Sep 1;58(3):749-56, 759.
Heat-related illnesses cause 240 deaths annually. Although common in athletes, heat-related illnesses also affect the elderly, persons with predisposing medical conditions and those taking a variety of medications. Symptoms range from mild weakness, dizziness and fatigue in cases of heat edema, to syncope, exhaustion and multisystem complications, including coma and death, in cases of heat stroke. Milder heat-related symptoms can be treated with hydration, rest and removal from the hot environment. Heat stroke, a life-threatening problem, must be treated emergently. Prompt recognition is critical since rapid cooling is the cornerstone of treatment and must not be delayed. Fluid resuscitation with dextrose and normal or half-normal saline is also important. These therapies should be instituted while the patient is being stabilized. Heat illness may be prevented by recognizing which individuals are at risk, using appropriate hydration and paying attention to acclimatization and environmental conditions. Preventive care should include drinking plenty of fluids before, during and after activities, gradually increasing the time spent working in the heat and avoiding exertion during the hottest part of the day.
与热相关的疾病每年导致240人死亡。虽然在运动员中很常见，但与热相关的疾病也会影响老年人、有易患疾病的人和正在服用各种药物的人。症状从热水肿时的轻度虚弱、头晕和疲劳，到中暑时的昏厥、疲惫和多系统并发症，包括昏迷和死亡。较轻的与热相关的症状可以通过补水、休息和脱离炎热环境来治疗。中暑是一个危及生命的问题，必须紧急治疗。及时识别至关重要，因为快速降温是治疗的基石，绝不能延迟。用葡萄糖和等渗或半渗生理盐水进行液体复苏也很重要。这些治疗应在患者病情稳定时开始。通过识别哪些人有风险、进行适当的补水以及注意适应环境和环境条件，可以预防热疾病。预防护理应包括在活动前、活动期间和活动后饮用大量液体，逐渐增加在炎热环境中工作的时间，并避免在一天中最热的时候进行体力活动。
