Adolph K E, Vereijken B, Denny M A
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA.
Child Dev. 1998 Oct;69(5):1299-312.
The effects of infants' age, body dimensions, and experience on the development of crawling was examined by observing 28 infants longitudinally, from children's first attempts at crawling until they began walking. Although most infants displayed multiple crawling postures en route to walking, development did not adhere to a strict progression of obligatory, discrete stages. In particular, 15 infants crawled on their bellies prior to crawling on hands and knees, but the other 13 infants skipped the belly-crawling period and proceeded directly to crawling on hands and knees. Duration of experience with earlier forms of crawling predicted the speed and efficiency of later, quite different forms of crawling. Most important, infants who had formerly belly crawled were more proficient crawling on hands and knees than infants who had skipped the belly-crawling period. Transfer could not be explained by differences in infants' age or body dimensions alone. Rather, experience using earlier crawling patterns may have exerted beneficial effects on hands-and-knees crawling by shoring up underlying constituents common to all forms of crawling postures.
通过对28名婴儿进行纵向观察，从他们首次尝试爬行到开始走路，研究了婴儿的年龄、身体尺寸和经验对爬行发展的影响。尽管大多数婴儿在学会走路的过程中展现出多种爬行姿势，但发展过程并非严格遵循一系列必然的、离散的阶段。具体而言，15名婴儿在学会用手和膝盖爬行之前是趴着爬行的，但另外13名婴儿跳过了趴着爬行阶段，直接开始用手和膝盖爬行。早期爬行形式的经验时长预测了后期截然不同的爬行形式的速度和效率。最重要的是，曾经趴着爬行的婴儿在用手和膝盖爬行时比跳过趴着爬行阶段的婴儿更熟练。这种迁移不能仅用婴儿年龄或身体尺寸的差异来解释。相反，使用早期爬行模式的经验可能通过强化所有爬行姿势共有的潜在要素，对手膝爬行产生了有益影响。
