Steffens M C, Erdfelder E
FB I-Psychology, University of Trier, Germany.
Q J Exp Psychol A. 1998 Nov;51(4):705-33. doi: 10.1080/713755794.
Better retention of self-produced as opposed to experimenter-presented material is called generation effect; the reverse phenomenon is the negative generation effect. Both are found in intentional-learning experiments in which generating versus reading is manipulated between subjects. The present article presents an overview of those findings and aims at clarifying the conditions under which these effects emerge. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that if cue-target relations are manipulated within one list, a negative generation effect in free recall can be obtained for all items, no matter which cue-target relation they bear. In Experiment 3, cue-target relations were manipulated between lists. Here, a negative generation effect in free recall was found only in lists in which items were cued with words that mismatched the inter-target relations, whereas a positive generation effect was observed in those lists in which the generation cues matched the inter-target relations. A subsequent cued-recall test demonstrated that in cases of mismatch of relations, participants in the generate condition process cue-target relations at the expense of inter-target relations. The three-factor theory can be integrated with the task-demand account in a transfer-appropriate processing framework to accommodate these findings.
相比于由实验者呈现的材料，对自己生成的材料有更好的记忆保持，这被称为生成效应；相反的现象则是负生成效应。这两种效应都在有意学习实验中被发现，在这些实验中，生成与阅读是在不同被试间进行操控的。本文概述了这些研究结果，并旨在阐明这些效应出现的条件。实验1和实验2表明，如果在一个列表中操控线索-目标关系，那么在自由回忆中对所有项目都能获得负生成效应，无论它们具有何种线索-目标关系。在实验3中，线索-目标关系是在不同列表间进行操控的。在此，仅在那些用与目标间关系不匹配的单词作为项目线索的列表中，在自由回忆中发现了负生成效应，而在那些生成线索与目标间关系匹配的列表中则观察到了正生成效应。随后的线索回忆测试表明，在关系不匹配的情况下，生成条件下的被试以牺牲目标间关系为代价来处理线索-目标关系。三因素理论可以在迁移适当加工框架中与任务需求解释相结合，以适应这些研究结果。
