Wasser S P, Weis A L
International Centre for Cryptogamic Plants and Fungi, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel.
Crit Rev Immunol. 1999;19(1):65-96.
This review highlights some of the recently isolated and identified substances of higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms origin that express promising antitumor, immune modulating, cardiovascular and hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Medicinal mushrooms have a long history of use in folk medicine. In particular, mushrooms useful against cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lungs, etc. are known in China, Russia, Japan, Korea, as well as the U.S.A. and Canada. There are about 200 species of mushrooms that have been found to markedly inhibit the growth of different kinds of tumors. Searching for new antitumor and other medicinal substances from mushrooms and to study the medicinal value of these mushrooms have become a matter of great significance. However, most of the mushroom origin antitumor substances have not been clearly defined. Several antitumor polysaccharides such as hetero-beta-glucans and their protein complexes (e.g., xyloglucans and acidic beta-glucan-containing uronic acid), as well as dietary fibers, lectins, and terpenoids have been isolated from medicinal mushrooms. In Japan, Russia, China, and the U.S.A. several different polysaccharide antitumor agents have been developed from the fruiting body, mycelia, and culture medium of various medicinal mushrooms (Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor, Inonotus obliquus, and Flammulina velutipes). Both cellular components and secondary metabolites of a large number of mushrooms have been shown to effect the immune system of the host and therefore could be used to treat a variety of disease states.
本综述重点介绍了一些最近从高等担子菌蘑菇中分离和鉴定出的物质，这些物质具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、心血管和高胆固醇血症、抗病毒、抗菌和抗寄生虫等显著作用。药用蘑菇在民间医学中有着悠久的使用历史。特别是，在中国、俄罗斯、日本、韩国以及美国和加拿大，已知有对胃癌、食道癌、肺癌等有效的蘑菇。已发现约200种蘑菇能显著抑制不同种类肿瘤的生长。从蘑菇中寻找新的抗肿瘤和其他药用物质并研究这些蘑菇的药用价值已成为具有重大意义的事情。然而，大多数蘑菇来源的抗肿瘤物质尚未明确界定。已从药用蘑菇中分离出几种抗肿瘤多糖，如杂β-葡聚糖及其蛋白质复合物（如木葡聚糖和含酸性β-葡聚糖的糖醛酸），以及膳食纤维、凝集素和萜类化合物。在日本、俄罗斯、中国和美国，已从各种药用蘑菇（香菇、灵芝、裂褶菌、云芝、桦褐孔菌和金针菇）的子实体、菌丝体和培养基中开发出几种不同的多糖抗肿瘤剂。大量蘑菇的细胞成分和次生代谢产物已被证明会影响宿主的免疫系统，因此可用于治疗多种疾病状态。
