Gibson E L, Desmond E
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
Appetite. 1999 Apr;32(2):219-40. doi: 10.1006/appe.1998.0207.
The importance of hunger state for the acquisition and expression of chocolate craving was investigated. Seventeen chocolate cravers and 12 non-cravers were supplied with chocolate and instructed to eat some twice a day for 14 days. Within each group, subjects were allocated to one of two conditions, hungry- or full-trained. Hungry-trained subjects were asked to eat the chocolate exclusively at least 2 h after last eating; full-trained subjects were asked only to eat the chocolate 15-30 min after eating a meal. A diary was kept to encourage and allow assessment of compliance. At the start and end of the 2 weeks, subjects rated their craving for and anticipated intake of chocolate prior to eating it; then, on initial tasting, pleasantness of the taste was rated. All subjects made these ratings on one day when hungry and on another when full, as defined above. For cravers and non-cravers who ate chocolate exclusively when hungry, chocolate craving increased post-training, but, at least for cravers, only when ratings were made while hungry. For full-trained subjects, chocolate craving decreased post-training, but this decrease did not depend on whether subjects were currently hungry or full. A similar pattern of results was found for anticipated intake and pleasantness of taste, except that pleasantness did not increase in hungry-trained subjects. The results are interpreted with reference to learned control of appetite and in particular to recent findings on incentive learning processes. Craving for chocolate or other foods may be an expression of a strong appetite elicited by hunger that has been acquired by repeated experience of eating the craved food when hungry.
研究了饥饿状态对巧克力渴望的形成和表现的重要性。17名巧克力渴望者和12名非渴望者被提供巧克力，并被指示每天吃两次，持续14天。在每组中，受试者被分配到两种条件之一，饥饿训练或饱腹训练。饥饿训练的受试者被要求在最后一次进食至少2小时后才吃巧克力；饱腹训练的受试者只被要求在饭后15 - 30分钟吃巧克力。记录日记以鼓励并允许评估依从性。在两周开始和结束时，受试者在吃巧克力之前对他们对巧克力的渴望和预期摄入量进行评分；然后，在初次品尝时，对味道的愉悦度进行评分。所有受试者都在一天饥饿时和另一天饱腹时（如上所定义）进行这些评分。对于饥饿时才吃巧克力的渴望者和非渴望者，训练后巧克力渴望增加，但至少对于渴望者来说，只有在饥饿时进行评分时才会增加。对于饱腹训练的受试者，训练后巧克力渴望减少，但这种减少并不取决于受试者当前是饥饿还是饱腹。在预期摄入量和味道愉悦度方面也发现了类似的结果模式，只是饥饿训练的受试者中味道愉悦度没有增加。这些结果是参照对食欲的习得性控制，特别是参照激励学习过程的最新发现来解释的。对巧克力或其他食物的渴望可能是饥饿引发的强烈食欲的一种表现，这种食欲是通过在饥饿时反复食用渴望的食物而习得的。
