女童艺术体操运动员的纵向骨矿物质密度变化

Longitudinal bone mineral density changes in female child artistic gymnasts.

作者信息

Nickols-Richardson S M, O'Connor P J, Shapses S A, Lewis R D

机构信息

Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.

出版信息

J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Jun;14(6):994-1002. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.6.994.

DOI:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.6.994

PMID:10352109

Abstract

Changes in bone mineral density (BMD), and related factors, in female child artistic gymnasts (n = 9) and their age- (+/-0.3 years), height- (+/-2.8 cm), and weight- (+/-1.7 kg) matched controls (n = 9) were prospectively examined. It was hypothesized that gymnasts would possess higher BMD at baseline, 6, and 12 months later and have greater gains in BMD over 1 year compared with controls. BMD (g/cm2) of the total proximal femur (TPF), Ward's triangle (WT), trochanter (Troch), femoral neck (FN), lumbar spine (LS, L1-L4), and total body (TB) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical activity was measured by a 7-day recall; daily dietary intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated from 3-day records. Serum osteocalcin and urinary pyridinium cross-links were measured by radioimmunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Gymnasts versus controls possessed significantly higher BMD at all sites measured. Although not significantly different (p > 0.05), gymnasts compared with controls had moderately larger percentage changes in Troch (% Delta = 8.6 +/- 3.0 vs. 3.8 +/- 5.1%, d = 0.41), FN (% Delta = 6.1 +/- 1.2 vs. 3.9 +/- 1.6%, d = 0.55), LS (% Delta = 7.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 6.8 +/- 1.6%, d = 0.26), and TB BMD (% Delta = 5.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.7%, d = 0.98) as evidenced by the magnitude of the effect sizes (d). Gymnasts versus controls possessed a lower percentage body fat (p < 0.01) and engaged in more hours of very hard activity (p < 0.0001). Calcium, as a percentage of adequate intake, decreased over 12 months (p < 0.01), and urinary cross-links significantly decreased over 6 months in both groups. Female child gymnasts possess higher BMD at the TPF and related sites, LS, and TB compared with nongymnast controls, and 1 year of gymnastics training moderately increases Troch, FN, LS, and TB BMD for gymnasts compared with controls. These findings lend support to the idea that gymnastics training in childhood helps maximize peak BMD.

摘要

对9名女性儿童艺术体操运动员及其年龄（±0.3岁）、身高（±2.8厘米）和体重（±1.7千克）匹配的对照组（9名）的骨矿物质密度（BMD）及相关因素变化进行了前瞻性研究。研究假设是，与对照组相比，体操运动员在基线、6个月和12个月后骨密度会更高，且在1年中骨密度的增加幅度更大。通过双能X线吸收法测量总近端股骨（TPF）、沃德三角（WT）、大转子（Troch）、股骨颈（FN）、腰椎（LS，L1 - L4）和全身（TB）的骨密度（克/平方厘米）。通过7天回忆法测量身体活动；根据3天记录估算每日能量和营养素的饮食摄入量。分别通过放射免疫测定法和高效液相色谱法测量血清骨钙素和尿吡啶交联物。在所有测量部位，体操运动员的骨密度均显著高于对照组。尽管差异不显著（p>0.05），但从效应量（d）的大小来看，与对照组相比，体操运动员在大转子（%变化量=8.6±3.0对3.8±5.1%，d = 0.41）、股骨颈（%变化量=6.1±1.2对3.9±1.6%，d = 0.55）、腰椎（%变化量=7.8±1.1对6.8±1.6%，d = 0.26）和全身骨密度（%变化量=5.6±0.8对3.4±0.7%，d = 0.98）方面有适度更大的百分比变化。与对照组相比，体操运动员的体脂百分比更低（p<0.01），且进行非常高强度活动的时间更多（p<0.0001）。钙摄入量占适宜摄入量的百分比在12个月内下降（p<0.0），两组的尿交联物在6个月内均显著下降。与非体操对照组相比，女性儿童体操运动员在总近端股骨及相关部位、腰椎和全身的骨密度更高，与对照组相比，1年的体操训练使体操运动员的大转子、股骨颈、腰椎和全身骨密度有适度增加。这些发现支持了儿童期体操训练有助于使峰值骨密度最大化这一观点。