Teunisse R J, Cruysberg J R, Hoefnagels W H, Kuin Y, Verbeek A L, Zitman F G
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Compr Psychiatry. 1999 Jul-Aug;40(4):315-9. doi: 10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90133-5.
The Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by the presence of complex visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people. The syndrome occurs predominantly in the visually handicapped elderly. Little is known about its etiology and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of CBS with psychological and social determinants. All subjects were patients older than 64 years from a low-vision unit. Using a case-control approach, 50 patients with CBS and 80 patients without visual hallucinations were interviewed about their educational level, social circumstances, number of social contacts, and ability to cope with visual handicap. Loneliness was measured with the De Jong-Gierveld-Kamphuis loneliness scale, and personality traits were examined with the Dutch-language short version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ([MMPI] Nederlandse Verkorte MMPI [NVM]). Compared with the control group, significantly more CBS patients were lonely. Mean scores on the NVM shyness scale and extraversion scale were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in CBS patients. In multiple logistic regression analysis for the three determinants simultaneously, loneliness and low extraversion were significant predictors for CBS, but shyness was not. It is concluded that loneliness, low extraversion, and shyness are risk indicators for CBS in elderly visually handicapped people. The findings suggest that CBS is associated with a low quality of social contacts.
查尔斯·邦尼特综合征（CBS）的特征是心理正常的人出现复杂的视幻觉。该综合征主要发生在视力障碍的老年人中。对其病因和发病机制了解甚少。本研究的目的是探讨CBS与心理和社会决定因素之间的关联。所有受试者均为来自低视力科的64岁以上患者。采用病例对照研究方法，对50例CBS患者和80例无视幻觉患者进行访谈，了解他们的教育水平、社会环境、社会交往次数以及应对视力障碍的能力。使用德容-吉尔弗尔德-坎普休伊斯孤独量表测量孤独感，并用荷兰语简版明尼苏达多相人格调查表（[MMPI]荷兰语简版MMPI [NVM]）检查人格特质。与对照组相比，CBS患者中孤独的比例明显更高。CBS患者在NVM羞怯量表和外向性量表上的平均得分分别显著更高和更低。在对这三个决定因素同时进行的多因素逻辑回归分析中，孤独和低外向性是CBS的显著预测因素，但羞怯不是。研究得出结论，孤独、低外向性和羞怯是老年视力障碍者患CBS的风险指标。研究结果表明，CBS与社会交往质量低下有关。
