Mountain V, Compton D A
Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
Anat Rec. 2000 Feb 15;261(1):14-24. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(20000215)261:1<14::AID-AR5>3.0.CO;2-E.
Accurate segregation of genetic material during both mitosis and meiosis is essential for the viability of future cellular generations. Genetic material is packaged in the form of chromosomes during cell division, and chromosomes are segregated equally into two daughter cells by a dynamic, microtubule-based structure known as the spindle. Molecular motor proteins of the kinesin and dynein superfamilies are essential players in the functional microanatomy of cell division. They power various aspects of spindle assembly and function, including establishing spindle bipolarity, spindle pole organization, chromosome alignment and segregation, regulating microtubule dynamics, and cytokinesis. This review highlights the roles that various members of the kinesin and dynein motor superfamilies play during mitosis and meiosis. Understanding how microtubule motors function during cell division will unravel how the spindle precisely segregates chromosomes, and may offer insights into the molecular basis of disease states that arise from spindle malfunctions. For example, chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis causes such disorders as Klinefelter, Turner, and Down Syndromes. Chromosome non-disjunction during mitosis is an important contributing mechanism for tumor progression. In addition, since motor proteins are essential for spindle assembly and function, they provide obvious targets for intervention into the cell division cycle, and compounds that specifically block motor functions during mitosis may prove to be valuable chemotherapeutic agents. Anat Rec (New Anat) 261:14-24, 2000.
在有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中，遗传物质的准确分离对于后代细胞的生存能力至关重要。在细胞分裂期间，遗传物质以染色体的形式包装，并且染色体通过一种基于微管的动态结构——纺锤体，被平均分配到两个子细胞中。驱动蛋白和动力蛋白超家族的分子马达蛋白是细胞分裂功能微观解剖学中的关键参与者。它们推动纺锤体组装和功能的各个方面，包括建立纺锤体双极性、纺锤体极组织、染色体排列和分离、调节微管动力学以及胞质分裂。本综述重点介绍了驱动蛋白和动力蛋白马达超家族的各个成员在有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中所起的作用。了解微管马达在细胞分裂过程中的功能将揭示纺锤体如何精确地分离染色体，并可能为源于纺锤体故障的疾病状态的分子基础提供见解。例如，减数分裂期间的染色体不分离会导致克兰费尔特综合征、特纳综合征和唐氏综合征等疾病。有丝分裂期间的染色体不分离是肿瘤进展的一个重要促成机制。此外，由于马达蛋白对于纺锤体组装和功能至关重要，它们为干预细胞分裂周期提供了明显的靶点，并且在有丝分裂期间特异性阻断马达功能的化合物可能被证明是有价值的化疗药物。《解剖学记录》（新解剖学）261:14 - 24，2000年。
