Dacey D M
Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7420, USA.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2000;23:743-75. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.743.
The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the image is sampled by short- (S), middle- (M) and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors. Diverse retinal cell types combine the cone signals to create separate luminance, red-green, and blue-yellow pathways. Each pathway is associated with distinctive retinal architectures. Thus a blue-yellow pathway originates in a bistratified ganglion cell type and associated interneurons that combine excitation from S cones and inhibition from L and M cones. By contrast, a red-green pathway, in which signals from L and M cones are opposed, is associated with the specialized anatomy of the primate fovea, in which the "midget" ganglion cells receive dominant excitatory input from a single L or M cone.
灵长类动物的视网膜是神经科学中一个令人兴奋的研究焦点，来自分子遗传学、自适应光学、解剖学和生理学的最新数据，以及人类视觉表现的测量结果，正汇聚在一起，为色觉的视网膜起源提供新的见解。当图像由对短（S）、中（M）和长（L）波长敏感的视锥光感受器进行采样时，三色视觉就开始了。多种视网膜细胞类型将视锥信号组合起来，形成独立的亮度、红-绿和蓝-黄通路。每条通路都与独特的视网膜结构相关联。因此，蓝-黄通路起源于一种双分层的神经节细胞类型以及相关的中间神经元，它们将来自S视锥的兴奋与来自L和M视锥的抑制结合起来。相比之下，红-绿通路中L和M视锥的信号相互对立，它与灵长类动物中央凹的特殊解剖结构相关，在中央凹中，“侏儒”神经节细胞从单个L或M视锥接收主要的兴奋性输入。
