Ames B N, Kammen H O, Yamasaki E
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jun;72(6):2423-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.6.2423.
We have previously described a sensitive bacterial test for dectecting carcinogens as mutagens. We have previously described a sensitive bacterial test for detecting carcinogens as mutagens. We show here that 89% (150/169) of commercial oxidative-type (hydrogen peroxide) hair dye formulations are mutagenic in this test. Of the 18 components of these hair dyes, nine show various degrees of mutagenicity:2,4-diaminoanisole, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminoanisole, 2-amino-5-nitrophenol, m-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, and 2,5-diaminotoluene. Three hair dye components (p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminotuluene, and 2,5-diaminoanisole) become strongly mutagenic after oxidation by H2O2: the mutagenic product of p-phenylenediamine is identified as the known trimer, Bandrowski's base. 2,4-Diaminotoluene, a hair dye component until recently, is also shown to be mutagenic: this compound has been shown to be a carcinogen in rats and is used in large amounts in the polyurethane foam industry. About 20,000,000 people (mostly women) dye their hair in the U.S. and the hazard could be considerable if these chemicals are actually mutagenic and carcinogenic in humans.
我们之前描述过一种用于检测致癌物作为诱变剂的灵敏细菌测试。我们在此表明，89%（150/169）的市售氧化型（过氧化氢）染发剂配方在此测试中具有致突变性。在这些染发剂的18种成分中，有9种表现出不同程度的致突变性：2,4 - 二氨基苯甲醚、4 - 硝基邻苯二胺、2 - 硝基对苯二胺、2,5 - 二氨基苯甲醚、2 - 氨基 - 5 - 硝基苯酚、间苯二胺、邻苯二胺、2 - 氨基 - 4 - 硝基苯酚和2,5 - 二氨基甲苯。三种染发剂成分（对苯二胺、2,5 - 二氨基甲苯和2,5 - 二氨基苯甲醚）在被H2O2氧化后变得具有强致突变性：对苯二胺的致突变产物被鉴定为已知的三聚体，班德罗夫斯基碱。2,4 - 二氨基甲苯，直到最近还是一种染发剂成分，也被证明具有致突变性：这种化合物已被证明在大鼠中是一种致癌物，并且在聚氨酯泡沫塑料工业中大量使用。在美国，约有2000万人（大多数为女性）染发，如果这些化学物质在人类中确实具有致突变性和致癌性，那么危害可能相当大。
