Reilly T, Bangsbo J, Franks A
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2000 Sep;18(9):669-83. doi: 10.1080/02640410050120050.
This review is focused on anthropometric and physiological characteristics of soccer players with a view to establishing their roles within talent detection, identification and development programmes. Top-class soccer players have to adapt to the physical demands of the game, which are multifactorial. Players may not need to have an extraordinary capacity within any of the areas of physical performance but must possess a reasonably high level within all areas. This explains why there are marked individual differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics among top players. Various measurements have been used to evaluate specific aspects of the physical performance of both youth and adult soccer players. The positional role of a player is related to his or her physiological capacity. Thus, midfield players and full-backs have the highest maximal oxygen intakes ( > 60 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and perform best in intermittent exercise tests. On the other hand, midfield players tend to have the lowest muscle strength. Although these distinctions are evident in adult and elite youth players, their existence must be interpreted circumspectly in talent identification and development programmes. A range of relevant anthropometric and physiological factors can be considered which are subject to strong genetic influences (e.g. stature and maximal oxygen intake) or are largely environmentally determined and susceptible to training effects. Consequently, fitness profiling can generate a useful database against which talented groups may be compared. No single method allows for a representative assessment of a player's physical capabilities for soccer. We conclude that anthropometric and physiological criteria do have a role as part of a holistic monitoring of talented young players.
本综述聚焦于足球运动员的人体测量学和生理学特征，旨在明确他们在人才选拔、识别和培养计划中的作用。顶级足球运动员必须适应比赛的多因素身体需求。球员在任何一项身体表现领域可能都不需要具备超凡能力，但必须在所有领域都拥有相当高的水平。这就解释了为什么顶级球员在人体测量学和生理学特征方面存在显著的个体差异。已采用各种测量方法来评估青少年和成年足球运动员身体表现的特定方面。球员的位置角色与其生理能力相关。因此，中场球员和边后卫的最大摄氧量最高（>60毫升×千克⁻¹×分钟⁻¹），并且在间歇运动测试中表现最佳。另一方面，中场球员的肌肉力量往往最低。尽管这些差异在成年和精英青少年球员中很明显，但在人才识别和培养计划中对其存在必须谨慎解读。可以考虑一系列相关的人体测量学和生理学因素，这些因素受到强大的遗传影响（如身高和最大摄氧量），或者在很大程度上由环境决定且易受训练效果影响。因此，体能剖析可以生成一个有用的数据库，据此可以对有天赋的群体进行比较。没有单一方法能够对球员的足球身体能力进行具有代表性的评估。我们得出结论，人体测量学和生理学标准作为对有天赋的年轻球员进行全面监测的一部分确实发挥着作用。
