Pilotti M, Gallo D A, Roediger H L
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2000 Dec;28(8):1406-18. doi: 10.3758/bf03211841.
In four experiments, we examined the degree to which imaging written words as spoken by a familiar talker differs from direct perception (hearing words spoken by that talker) and reading words (without imagery) on implicit and explicit tests. Subjects first performed a surface encoding task on spoken, imagined as spoken, or visually presented words, and then were given either an implicit test (perceptual identification or stem completion) or an explicit test (recognition or cued recall) involving auditorily presented words. Auditory presentation at study produced larger priming effects than did imaging or reading. Imaging and reading yielded priming effects of similar magnitude, whereas imaging produced lower performance than reading on the explicit test of cued recall. Voice changes between study and test weakened priming on the implicit tests, but did not affect performance on the explicit tests. Imagined voice changes affected priming only in the implicit task of stem completion. These findings show that the sensitivity of a memory test to perceptual information, either directly perceived or imagined, is an important dimension for dissociating incidental (implicit) and intentional (explicit) retrieval processes.
在四项实验中，我们考察了将书面文字成像为熟悉说话者所说内容与直接感知（听到该说话者说出的文字）以及阅读文字（无成像）在隐式和显式测试中的差异程度。受试者首先对说出的、成像为说出的或视觉呈现的文字执行表面编码任务，然后进行涉及听觉呈现文字的隐式测试（感知识别或词干补全）或显式测试（识别或线索回忆）。研究阶段的听觉呈现比成像或阅读产生了更大的启动效应。成像和阅读产生的启动效应大小相似，而在线索回忆的显式测试中，成像的表现低于阅读。研究和测试之间的声音变化削弱了隐式测试中的启动效应，但不影响显式测试的表现。想象的声音变化仅在词干补全的隐式任务中影响启动效应。这些发现表明，记忆测试对直接感知或想象的感知信息的敏感性是区分附带（隐式）和有意（显式）检索过程的一个重要维度。
