Mulligan N W, Hartman M
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
Mem Cognit. 1996 Jul;24(4):453-65. doi: 10.3758/bf03200934.
Attentional state during acquisition is an important determinant of performance on direct memory tests. In two experiments we investigated the effects of dividing attention during acquisition on conceptually driven and data-driven indirect memory tests. Subjects read a list of words with or without distraction. Memory for the words was later tested with an indirect memory test or a direct memory test that differed only in task instructions. In Experiment 1, the indirect test was category-exemplar production (a conceptually driven task) and the direct test was category-cued recall. In Experiment 2, the indirect test was word-fragment completion (a data-driven task) and the direct test was word-fragment cued recall. Dividing attention at encoding decreased performance on both direct memory tests. Of the indirect tests, category-exemplar production but not word-fragment completion was affected. The results indicate that conceptually driven indirect memory tests, like direct memory tests, are affected by divided attention, whereas data-driven indirect tests are not. These results are interpreted within the transfer-appropriate processing framework.
习得过程中的注意状态是直接记忆测试表现的一个重要决定因素。在两项实验中，我们研究了习得过程中注意力分散对概念驱动和数据驱动的间接记忆测试的影响。受试者在有或无干扰的情况下阅读一组单词。随后，通过间接记忆测试或仅在任务指令上有所不同的直接记忆测试来检验对这些单词的记忆。在实验1中，间接测试是类别范例生成（一项概念驱动任务），直接测试是类别线索回忆。在实验2中，间接测试是单词片段补全（一项数据驱动任务），直接测试是单词片段线索回忆。在编码时分散注意力会降低两项直接记忆测试的表现。在间接测试中，类别范例生成受到影响，但单词片段补全不受影响。结果表明，与直接记忆测试一样，概念驱动的间接记忆测试会受到注意力分散的影响，而数据驱动的间接测试则不受影响。这些结果在迁移适当加工框架内进行了解释。
