Harper Sam, Lynch John, Hsu Wan-Ling, Everson Susan A, Hillemeier Marianne M, Raghunathan Trivellore E, Salonen Jukka T, Kaplan George A
Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;31(2):395-403.
Various psychosocial factors have been linked to adult physical health and are also associated with socioeconomic position in adulthood. We evaluated the effect of socioeconomic conditions over the life course on measures of psychosocial functioning in adulthood.
Life course socioeconomic position was assessed by retrospective recall of parents' education and occupation when the respondent was age 10, and the respondents' education, occupation, and income in 2585 men from eastern Finland aged 42, 48, 54, and 60 years. Measures of psychosocial functioning were derived from scales measuring cynical hostility, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms.
Men with both parents who had less than a primary school education or who both had unskilled manual jobs had higher age-adjusted levels of cynical hostility, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Mutually adjusted analyses showed that parents' education and the respondents' education, occupation, and income all had statistically independent effects on adult levels of cynical hostility and hopelessness. For instance, men for whom neither parent had completed primary education had a 0.15 standard deviation (P = 0.006) higher cynical hostility score, and a 0.20 standard deviation (P = 0.00018) higher hopelessness score, after adjustment for education, occupation and income. In contrast, depressive symptoms in adulthood were only associated with the respondent's occupation and income.
Childhood socioeconomic position was associated with adult psychosocial functioning, but these effects were specific to some aspects of adult psychosocial functioning--cynical hostility and hopelessness, but not depressive symptoms. Adult occupation and income were associated with all measures of psychosocial functioning. In addition to the impact of adult socioeconomic position, some aspects of poor psychosocial functioning in adulthood may also have socioeconomic roots early in life.
多种社会心理因素与成年人的身体健康相关，并且也与成年期的社会经济地位有关。我们评估了一生中的社会经济状况对成年期社会心理功能指标的影响。
通过回顾性回忆受访者10岁时父母的教育程度和职业，以及来自芬兰东部的2585名42、48、54和60岁男性的受访者本人的教育程度、职业和收入，来评估一生的社会经济地位。社会心理功能指标源自测量愤世嫉俗的敌意、绝望和抑郁症状的量表。
父母双方均未接受过小学教育或均从事非技术体力工作的男性，成年期经年龄调整后的愤世嫉俗的敌意、绝望和抑郁症状水平较高。相互调整分析表明，父母的教育程度以及受访者本人的教育程度、职业和收入，对成年期愤世嫉俗的敌意和绝望水平均具有统计学上的独立影响。例如，在调整了教育程度、职业和收入后，父母双方均未完成小学教育的男性，其愤世嫉俗的敌意得分高出0.15个标准差（P = 0.006），绝望得分高出0.20个标准差（P = 0.00018）。相比之下，成年期的抑郁症状仅与受访者的职业和收入有关。
童年时期的社会经济地位与成年期的社会心理功能相关，但这些影响在成年期社会心理功能的某些方面具有特异性——愤世嫉俗的敌意和绝望，但与抑郁症状无关。成年期的职业和收入与社会心理功能的所有指标均相关。除了成年期社会经济地位的影响外，成年期不良社会心理功能的某些方面在生命早期可能也有社会经济根源。
