Orchard John
Centre for Sports Medicine Research and Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sports Med. 2002;32(7):419-32. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232070-00002.
Most soccer, rugby union, rugby league, American football, Australian football and Gaelic football competitions over the world are played on natural grass over seasons that commence in the early autumn (fall) and extend through winter. Injury surveillance in these competitions has usually reported high rates of injury to the lower limb and an increased incidence of injuries early in the season. This 'early-season' bias has not usually been reported in summer football competitions, or in sports played indoors, such as basketball. Although easily compared rates have not often been published there has also been a reported trend towards a greater injury incidence in football played in warmer and/or drier conditions. Injury incidence in American football played on artificial turf has often been reported to be higher than in games played on natural grass. This review concludes that the most plausible explanation for all of these reported findings involves variations in playing surface characteristics. Shoe-surface traction for the average player is the specific relevant variable that is most likely to correlate with injury incidence in a given game of football. Shoe-surface traction will usually have a positive correlation with ground hardness, dryness, grass cover and root density, length of cleats on player boots and relative speed of the game. It is possible that measures to reduce shoe-surface traction, such as, ground watering and softening, play during the winter months, use of natural grasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and player use of boots with shorter cleats, would all reduce the risk of football injuries. The most pronounced protective effect is likely to be on injuries to the lower limb of a noncontact nature, including anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Intervention studies should be performed, both using randomised and historical controls.
世界上大多数足球、英式橄榄球联盟、英式橄榄球联赛、美式橄榄球、澳式橄榄球和盖尔式足球比赛都是在天然草皮上进行的，赛季从初秋开始，持续到冬季。这些比赛中的伤病监测通常报告下肢受伤率很高，且赛季早期受伤发生率增加。这种“赛季早期”偏差在夏季足球比赛或室内运动（如篮球）中通常未被报道。尽管经常未公布便于比较的发生率，但也有报道称，在温暖和/或干燥条件下进行的足球比赛中，伤病发生率有增加的趋势。据报道，在人造草皮上进行的美式橄榄球比赛的伤病发生率通常高于在天然草皮上进行的比赛。本综述得出结论，对所有这些报道结果最合理的解释涉及比赛场地表面特征的差异。普通球员的鞋与地面的摩擦力是最有可能与特定足球比赛中的伤病发生率相关的具体相关变量。鞋与地面的摩擦力通常与地面硬度、干燥程度、草皮覆盖率和根密度、球员靴子上鞋钉的长度以及比赛的相对速度呈正相关。采取措施降低鞋与地面的摩擦力，如冬季地面浇水和软化、在冬季月份进行比赛、使用多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）等天然草皮以及球员使用鞋钉较短的靴子，都可能降低足球伤病风险。最显著的保护作用可能体现在非接触性下肢伤病上，包括前交叉韧带损伤。应进行干预研究，同时使用随机对照和历史对照。
