Taylor J A, Shaw D F
Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2002 Aug;20(8):607-13. doi: 10.1080/026404102320183167.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of positive and negative outcome imagery on golf-putting performance. Players of both high and low ability performed a golf-putting task in three imagery conditions: (a) a positive outcome imagery condition, (b) a negative outcome imagery condition and (c) a no-imagery control condition. The task was conducted in a competitive setting, reducing the possibility of demand characteristics. We found that negative outcome imagery was detrimental to putting performance; however, performance in the positive outcome imagery condition was no better than performance in the control condition. There was also evidence to suggest that outcome imagery operated through the mechanism of confidence, as negative outcome imagery was detrimental to both confidence and performance. The results of the present study suggest that golfers should avoid visualizing negative images, as this could damage both confidence and performance.
本研究的目的是确定积极和消极结果意象对高尔夫推杆表现的影响。高能力和低能力的球员在三种意象条件下完成一项高尔夫推杆任务：（a）积极结果意象条件，（b）消极结果意象条件，以及（c）无意象对照条件。该任务在竞争环境中进行，降低了需求特征的可能性。我们发现消极结果意象对推杆表现有不利影响；然而，积极结果意象条件下的表现并不比对照条件下的表现更好。也有证据表明结果意象通过信心机制起作用，因为消极结果意象对信心和表现都有不利影响。本研究结果表明，高尔夫球手应避免想象负面图像，因为这可能会损害信心和表现。
