Schaller K H, Angerer J, Drexler H
Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25 und 29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Oct 5;778(1-2):403-17. doi: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00171-x.
Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace has become increasingly important in the assessment of health risk as an integral part of the overall occupational health and safety strategy. In environmental medicine biological monitoring plays also an important role in the assessment of excessive, acute or chronic exposure to chemical agents. To guarantee that the results obtained in biological monitoring are comparable with threshold limit values and results from other laboratories, the analysis must be carried out with tested and reliable analytical methods and accompanied by a quality assurance scheme. Confounding influences and interferences during the pre-analytical phase can be minimised by recommendations from experienced laboratories. For internal quality control commercially available control samples with an assigned concentration are used. External quality control programs for biological monitoring are offered by several institutions. The external quality control program of the German Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine has been organised since 1982. In the meantime the 27th program has been carried out offering 96 analytes in urine, blood and plasma for 47 substances. This program covers most of the parameters relevant to occupational and environmental medicine. About 350 laboratories take part in these intercomparison programs. At present, ten German and 14 international laboratories are commissioned to determine the assigned values. The data evaluated from the results of the intercomparison programs give a good overview of the current quality of the determination of analytes assessed in occupational and environmental toxicological laboratories. For the analysis of inorganic substances in blood and urine the tolerable variation ranges from 7.5 to 43.5%. For organic substances in urine the tolerable variation ranges from 12 to 48%. The highest variations (36-60%) were found for the analysis of organochlorine compounds in plasma. The tolerable variations for the determination of solvents in blood by head space gas chromatography range from 26 to 57%. If the recommendations for the pre-analytical phase, the selection of reliable analytical methods by the laboratory and the carrying out of adequate quality control are observed, the pre-requisites for reliable findings during biological monitoring are fulfilled
作为整体职业健康与安全战略的一个组成部分，工作场所化学物质暴露的生物监测在健康风险评估中变得越来越重要。在环境医学中，生物监测在评估化学物质的过度、急性或慢性暴露方面也发挥着重要作用。为确保生物监测获得的结果与阈限值以及其他实验室的结果具有可比性，分析必须采用经过测试且可靠的分析方法，并辅以质量保证计划。经验丰富的实验室提出的建议可将分析前阶段的混杂影响和干扰降至最低。内部质量控制使用具有指定浓度的市售对照样品。多个机构提供生物监测的外部质量控制计划。德国职业与环境医学协会的外部质量控制计划自1982年起组织实施。与此同时，第27个计划已经开展，提供了针对47种物质在尿液、血液和血浆中的96种分析物。该计划涵盖了与职业和环境医学相关的大多数参数。约350个实验室参与了这些比对计划。目前，委托了10个德国实验室和14个国际实验室来确定指定值。从比对计划结果评估得到的数据很好地概述了职业和环境毒理学实验室中分析物测定的当前质量。血液和尿液中无机物质分析的可接受变异范围为7.5%至43.5%。尿液中有机物质的可接受变异范围为12%至48%。血浆中有机氯化合物分析的变异最高（36% - 60%）。顶空气相色谱法测定血液中溶剂的可接受变异范围为26%至57%。如果遵循分析前阶段的建议、实验室选择可靠的分析方法并进行充分的质量控制，那么生物监测期间获得可靠结果的前提条件就得到了满足。
