Nentwig Günther
Bayer AG, Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Science, Environmental Health, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
Parasitol Res. 2003 Jun;90 Supp 1:S40-8. doi: 10.1007/s00436-002-0755-8. Epub 2003 Jan 28.
Many biting insects are able to transmit diseases or are a regarded as pests. The use of repellents is one personal protection measure to avoid to been bitten. The first components which were used for this purpose were of plant origin. Some are still used, e.g., citronella oil. Systematic evaluation of synthetic repellents began during the Second World War. The most important compound resulting from these efforts is Deet, followed by less important ones such as dimethylphthalate or ethyl hexane diol. Compounds of more recent research are MERCK 3535 (aminopropionic acid ethylester), p-menthane-3,8 diol, CIC 4 (a lacton) and the piperidine derivatives AI3-37220 and Bayrepel (Icaridin). An overview of the toxicity and efficacy is given. A chance to improve the cosmetic properties and long duration efficacy is the development of new formulations. Applications other than the dermal one are the use of repellents as slow release formulations to achieve a long range effect and the development of systemic compounds, which are taken orally. To date, neither strategy has led to successful solutions.
许多叮咬昆虫能够传播疾病或被视为害虫。使用驱虫剂是避免被叮咬的一种个人防护措施。最初用于此目的的成分源自植物。有些至今仍在使用，例如香茅油。对合成驱虫剂的系统评估始于第二次世界大战期间。这些努力产生的最重要的化合物是避蚊胺，其次是不太重要的化合物，如邻苯二甲酸二甲酯或乙基己二醇。近期研究的化合物有默克3535（氨基丙酸乙酯）、对薄荷烷-3,8二醇、CIC 4（一种内酯）以及哌啶衍生物AI3-37220和拜瑞佩（埃卡瑞丁）。文中给出了毒性和功效的概述。开发新配方是改善其化妆品特性和长效功效的一个契机。除了皮肤应用外，其他应用包括将驱虫剂用作缓释制剂以实现长效效果，以及开发口服的全身性化合物。迄今为止，这两种策略都未带来成功的解决方案。
