Bar-Or O, Inbar O
Children's Exercise and Nutrition Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Sports Med. 1992 Dec;14(6):397-405. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214060-00006.
Swimming is a common pastime activity and competitive sport for patients with asthma. One reason for such popularity may be the low asthmogenicity of swimming compared with landbased activities. Review of available evidence suggests that swimming induces less severe bronchoconstriction than other sports. The mechanisms for this protective effect of swimming are not clear, but there is some experimental evidence intimating that it results in part from the high humidity of inspired air at water level, which reduces respiratory heat loss (and possibly osmolarity of airways mucus). Beneficial roles of horizontal posture and of water immersion have been tested but not confirmed. Swimming poses two potentially deleterious effects to the patient with asthma. One is the exaggerated parasympathetic tone due to the 'diving reflex', that has been shown to trigger bronchoconstriction. The other is airway irritation because of chlorine and its derivatives. Swimming as a training modality has definite benefits for the patient with asthma. These include an increase in aerobic fitness and a decrease in asthma morbidity. There is no conclusive evidence, however, that swim training causes a decrease in the severity or frequency of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
游泳是哮喘患者常见的消遣活动和竞技运动。其如此受欢迎的一个原因可能是与陆上活动相比，游泳诱发哮喘的可能性较低。对现有证据的回顾表明，游泳引起的支气管收缩比其他运动要轻。游泳这种保护作用的机制尚不清楚，但有一些实验证据表明，部分原因是水面吸入空气的高湿度，这减少了呼吸热损失（以及可能降低气道黏液的渗透压）。水平姿势和水浸的有益作用已得到测试但未得到证实。游泳对哮喘患者有两种潜在的有害影响。一是由于“潜水反射”导致副交感神经张力亢进，这已被证明会引发支气管收缩。另一个是由于氯及其衍生物引起的气道刺激。作为一种训练方式，游泳对哮喘患者有明确的益处。这些益处包括有氧适能的提高和哮喘发病率的降低。然而，没有确凿的证据表明游泳训练会降低运动诱发支气管收缩的严重程度或频率。
