Shaw Jon A
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Psychiatry (D-29), School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2003 Dec;6(4):237-46. doi: 10.1023/b:ccfp.0000006291.10180.bd.
This paper reviews the prevalence of psychological morbidities in children who have been exposed to war-related traumas or terrorism as well as the diversity of war-related casualties and their associated psychological responses. The psychological responses to war-related stressors are categorized as (1) little or no reaction, (2) acute emotional and behavioral effects, and (3) long-term effects. Specific categories of war-related casualties discussed include refugee status, traumatic bereavement, effects of parental absence, and child soldiers. Psychological responses associated with terrorism and bioterrorism are presented. Lastly, mediators of the psychological response to war-related stressors are discussed, to include exposure effects, gender effects, parental, family and social factors, and child-specific factors. Children exposed to war-related stressors experience a spectrum of psychological morbidities including posttraumatic stress symptomatology, mood disorders, externalizing and disruptive behaviors, and somatic symptoms determined by exposure dose effect. Specific questions for future research are identified.
本文综述了遭受与战争相关创伤或恐怖主义的儿童中心理疾病的患病率，以及与战争相关伤亡情况的多样性及其相关的心理反应。对与战争相关应激源的心理反应分为三类：（1）几乎没有反应；（2）急性情绪和行为影响；（3）长期影响。所讨论的与战争相关伤亡的具体类别包括难民身份、创伤性丧亲之痛、父母缺席的影响以及儿童兵。还介绍了与恐怖主义和生物恐怖主义相关的心理反应。最后，讨论了对与战争相关应激源心理反应的调节因素，包括暴露影响、性别影响、父母、家庭和社会因素以及儿童特定因素。遭受与战争相关应激源的儿童会出现一系列心理疾病，包括创伤后应激症状、情绪障碍、外化和破坏性行为以及由暴露剂量效应决定的躯体症状。确定了未来研究的具体问题。
