Konstantinou I K, Albanis T A
Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
Environ Int. 2004 Apr;30(2):235-48. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00176-4.
Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products, after restrictions imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT) in 1987. Replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. This ban has led to an increase in alternative coating products containing the above biocides. The most commonly used biocides in antifouling paints are: Irgarol 1051, diuron, Sea-nine 211, dichlofluanid, chlorothalonil, zinc pyrithione, TCMS (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl) pyridine, TCMTB [2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole], and zineb. Since 1993, several studies have demonstrated the presence of these biocides in European coastal environment as a result of their increased use. More recently, the presence of these biocides was also revealed in waters from Japan, United States, Singapore, Australia and Bermuda. This paper reviews the currently available data on the occurrence of these biocides in the aquatic environment. Some data dealing with the environmental fate, partitioning, behaviour and risk assessment of antifouling paint booster biocides are also reported in order to discuss the detected levels of contamination.
1987年对三丁基锡（TBT）的使用实施限制后，有机增效杀生剂最近被引入作为防污产品中有机锡化合物的替代品。替代产品通常基于铜金属氧化物和有机杀生剂。这项禁令导致含有上述杀生剂的替代涂料产品增加。防污漆中最常用的杀生剂有：敌草隆、二氯苯醚菊酯、Sea-nine 211、百菌清、吡啶硫酮锌、TCMS（2,3,3,6-四氯-4-甲基磺酰基）吡啶、TCMTB [2-（硫氰基甲基硫代）苯并噻唑]和代森锌。自1993年以来，多项研究表明，由于这些杀生剂使用量增加，它们已存在于欧洲沿海环境中。最近，在日本、美国、新加坡、澳大利亚和百慕大的水域中也发现了这些杀生剂。本文综述了目前关于这些杀生剂在水生环境中出现情况的现有数据。还报告了一些关于防污漆增效杀生剂的环境归宿、分配、行为和风险评估的数据，以便讨论检测到的污染水平。
