Tracy Jessica L, Robins Richard W
Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis 95616-8686, USA.
Psychol Sci. 2004 Mar;15(3):194-7. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503008.x.
Three experiments provide converging evidence that pride has a distinct, recognizable expression. Experiment 1 showed that judges can agree in identifying a posed expression as showing pride and can reliably distinguish pride expressions from expressions of related emotions such as happiness. Experiment 2 showed that judges can identify the pride expression when the task uses an open-ended response format that does not cue them with the label "pride." Experiment 3 showed that the pride expression includes a small smile, with head tilted slightly back, visibly expanded posture, and arms raised above the head or hands on hips. Overall, these findings challenge the assumption that all positive emotions share the same expression, and suggest that pride may be added to the pantheon of basic emotions generally viewed as evolved responses.
三项实验提供了相互印证的证据，表明自豪具有独特的、可识别的表情。实验1表明，评判者能够一致认定一种摆出来的表情为表现出自豪，并且能够可靠地将自豪表情与诸如幸福等相关情绪的表情区分开来。实验2表明，当任务采用开放式回答形式，且不向评判者提示“自豪”这个标签时，他们仍能识别出自豪表情。实验3表明，自豪表情包括微微露出笑容，头部略微后仰，姿势明显舒展，手臂举过头顶或双手叉腰。总体而言，这些发现挑战了所有积极情绪都有相同表情的假设，并表明自豪可能会被纳入通常被视为进化反应的基本情绪范畴。
