Bowman Shanthy A, Vinyard Bryan T
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Apr;23(2):163-8. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719357.
To compare the diet quality and overweight status of free-living adults, ages 20 years and older, grouped based on their fast food intake status.
USDA's 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII 1994-1996) data was used. Three separate analyses were conducted: (1) effect of fast food on diet quality of males and females based on day-one data, (2) comparison of dietary and overweight status of adults who ate fast food on one- two- or none of survey days and (3) within-person analysis comparing energy and macronutrient intakes of adults who ate fast food on one of the two survey days. SUDAAN software package was used in pair-wise mean comparisons and regression analyses (alpha = 0.05).
At least one in four adults reported eating fast food. The diet of males and females who consumed fast food was high in energy and energy density. Fast food provided more than one-third of the day's energy, total fat and saturated fat; and was high in energy density. Negligible amounts of milk and fruits, but substantially large amounts of non-diet carbonated soft drinks were reported consumed at fast food places. After controlling for age, gender, socio-economic and demographic factors, energy and energy density increased and micronutrient density decreased with frequency of fast food consumption. Adults who reported eating fast food on at least one survey day had higher mean body mass index values than those who did not eat fast food on both survey days. A small, but significant, positive association was seen between fast food consumption and overweight status. Within-person comparisons showed that energy intakes were higher on a fast food day than on a non-fast food day.
Fast food consumption was associated with a diet high in energy and energy density and low in essential micronutrient density. Frequent fast food consumption may contribute to weight gain.
比较20岁及以上自由生活的成年人根据其快餐摄入状况分组后的饮食质量和超重状况。
使用美国农业部1994年至1996年个人食物摄入量持续调查（CSFII 1994 - 1996）的数据。进行了三项独立分析：（1）基于第一天数据的快餐对男性和女性饮食质量的影响，（2）在调查的一天、两天或没有一天吃快餐的成年人的饮食和超重状况比较，以及（3）在个人内部分析中比较在两个调查日中的一天吃快餐的成年人的能量和宏量营养素摄入量。在两两均值比较和回归分析中使用了SUDAAN软件包（α = 0.05）。
至少四分之一的成年人报告吃过快餐。食用快餐的男性和女性的饮食能量和能量密度较高。快餐提供了一天中超过三分之一的能量、总脂肪和饱和脂肪；并且能量密度很高。在快餐场所报告食用的牛奶和水果量可忽略不计，但非低糖碳酸软饮料的量相当大。在控制了年龄、性别、社会经济和人口统计学因素后，能量和能量密度随着快餐消费频率的增加而增加，微量营养素密度降低。报告在至少一个调查日吃过快餐的成年人的平均体重指数值高于在两个调查日都不吃快餐的成年人。快餐消费与超重状况之间存在小但显著的正相关。个人内部比较显示，吃快餐那天的能量摄入量高于不吃快餐的那天。
快餐消费与高能量、高能量密度和低必需微量营养素密度的饮食有关。频繁食用快餐可能导致体重增加。
