Drost Ulrich C, Rieger Martina, Brass Marcel, Gunter Thomas C, Prinz Wolfgang
Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Amalienstrasse 33, 80799, Munich, Germany.
Psychol Res. 2005 Mar;69(4):233-41. doi: 10.1007/s00426-004-0175-8. Epub 2004 Apr 7.
Recent theories have stressed the role of effect anticipation in action control. Such a mechanism requires the prior acquisition of integrated action-effect associations. The strength of such associations should directly depend on the amount of learning, and therefore be most pronounced in motor experts. Using an interference paradigm, we investigated whether evidence of such representations can be demonstrated in expert pianists. Participants were required to play chords on a keyboard in response to imperative visual stimuli. Concurrently, task-irrelevant auditory stimuli ("potential" action effects) were presented that were congruent or incongruent with the chords to be played. In Experiment 1 we found evidence that expert pianists, compared with non-musicians, have acquired such action-effects representations. Response times were slower when the auditory stimulus was incongruent with the required response. In order to ascertain the locus of interference, we varied imperative stimuli and responses in Experiments 2 and 3. The results indicate that, for the most part, interference occurs on the response level rather than on an abstract level. However, the perception of action effects also evokes processing of abstract features, like the concept of major-minor mode.
近期理论强调了效果预期在动作控制中的作用。这样一种机制需要事先获取整合的动作-效果关联。这种关联的强度应该直接取决于学习量，因此在运动专家中最为明显。我们采用干扰范式，研究了在专业钢琴家身上是否能证明这种表征的存在。要求参与者根据视觉指令刺激在键盘上弹奏和弦。同时，呈现与要弹奏的和弦一致或不一致的与任务无关的听觉刺激（“潜在”动作效果）。在实验1中，我们发现有证据表明，与非音乐家相比，专业钢琴家已经获得了这种动作-效果表征。当听觉刺激与所需反应不一致时，反应时间会变慢。为了确定干扰的位置，我们在实验2和实验3中改变了指令刺激和反应。结果表明，在很大程度上，干扰发生在反应层面而非抽象层面。然而，对动作效果的感知也会引发对抽象特征的处理，比如大小调模式的概念。
