Cooper J B, Taqueti V R
Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street CLN 250, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Qual Saf Health Care. 2004 Oct;13 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):i11-8. doi: 10.1136/qhc.13.suppl_1.i11.
Simulation for medical and healthcare applications, although still in a relatively nascent stage of development, already has a history that can inform the process of further research and dissemination. The development of mannequin simulators used for education, training, and research is reviewed, tracing the motivations, evolution to commercial availability, and efforts toward assessment of efficacy of those for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cardiology skills, anaesthesia clinical skills, and crisis management. A brief overview of procedural simulators and part-task trainers is also presented, contrasting the two domains and suggesting that a thorough history of the 20+ types of simulator technologies would provide a useful overview and perspective. There has been relatively little cross fertilisation of ideas and methods between the two simulator domains. Enhanced interaction between investigators and integration of simulation technologies would be beneficial for the dissemination of the concepts and their applications.
用于医学和医疗保健应用的模拟技术，尽管仍处于相对初期的发展阶段，但已有一段历史，可为进一步的研究和推广过程提供参考。回顾了用于教育、培训和研究的人体模型模拟器的发展历程，追溯了其动机、向商业可用性的演变以及对那些用于心肺复苏、心脏病学技能、麻醉临床技能和危机管理教学的模拟器进行疗效评估的努力。还简要概述了程序模拟器和部分任务训练器，对比了这两个领域，并表明对20多种模拟器技术进行全面的历史回顾将提供有用的概述和视角。这两个模拟器领域之间在思想和方法上的交叉融合相对较少。研究人员之间加强互动以及模拟技术的整合将有利于这些概念及其应用的推广。
