Vartanian A John, Dayan Steven H
Lasky Clinic, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA.
Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2005 Feb;13(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2004.04.008.
The esthetic application of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is a safe treatment modality; nevertheless complications can occur as a result of patient-and physician-related factors. Fortunately, adverse effects and undesirable sequelae after Botox injections are temporary. Complications may be more serious in patients who have more severe rhytids (which require more Botox), previous facial plastic surgery (altered anatomy), and those who have pre-existing neuromuscular disease. The physician can reduce complications by using proper injection techniques, appropriate regional Botox dosing, and by being conservative in the overall approach to Botox-mediated facial rejuvenation.
A型肉毒杆菌毒素（保妥适）的美容应用是一种安全的治疗方式；然而，由于患者和医生相关因素，仍可能出现并发症。幸运的是，保妥适注射后的不良反应和不良后遗症是暂时的。对于皱纹更严重（需要更多保妥适）、既往有面部整形手术史（解剖结构改变）以及患有神经肌肉疾病的患者，并发症可能更严重。医生可以通过采用适当的注射技术、合适的局部保妥适剂量以及在保妥适介导的面部年轻化整体方法上保持保守态度来减少并发症。
