Moynihan Paula J
School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Sep;83(9):694-9. Epub 2005 Sep 30.
Diet plays an important role in preventing oral diseases including dental caries, dental erosion, developmental defects, oral mucosal diseases and, to a lesser extent, periodontal disease. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the evidence for an association between diet, nutrition and oral diseases and to clarify areas of uncertainty. Undernutrition increases the severity of oral mucosal and periodontal diseases and is a contributing factor to life-threatening noma. Undernutrition is associated with developmental defects of the enamel which increase susceptibility to dental caries. Dental erosion is perceived to be increasing. Evidence suggests that soft drinks, a major source of acids in the diet in developed countries, are a significant causative factor. Convincing evidence from experimental, animal, human observational and human intervention studies shows that sugars are the main dietary factor associated with dental caries. Despite the indisputable role of fluoride in the prevention of caries, it has not eliminated dental caries and many communities are not exposed to optimal quantities of fluoride. Controlling the intake of sugars therefore remains important for caries prevention. Research has consistently shown that when the intake of free sugars is < 15 kg/person/year, the level of dental caries is low. Despite experimental and animal studies suggesting that some starch-containing foods and fruits are cariogenic, this is not supported by epidemiological data, which show that high intakes of starchy staple foods, fruits and vegetables are associated with low levels of dental caries. Following global recommendations that encourage a diet high in starchy staple foods, fruit and vegetables and low in free sugars and fat will protect both oral and general health.
饮食在预防口腔疾病中起着重要作用，这些疾病包括龋齿、牙侵蚀、发育缺陷、口腔黏膜疾病，以及在较小程度上还包括牙周疾病。本文旨在概述饮食、营养与口腔疾病之间关联的证据，并阐明存在不确定性的领域。营养不良会加重口腔黏膜和牙周疾病的严重程度，并且是导致危及生命的走马疳的一个促成因素。营养不良与牙釉质发育缺陷有关，而牙釉质发育缺陷会增加患龋齿的易感性。人们认为牙侵蚀现象正在增加。有证据表明，软饮料作为发达国家饮食中酸的主要来源，是一个重要的致病因素。来自实验、动物、人体观察和人体干预研究的令人信服的证据表明，糖是与龋齿相关的主要饮食因素。尽管氟化物在预防龋齿方面的作用无可争议，但它并未消除龋齿，而且许多社区并未接触到最佳量的氟化物。因此，控制糖的摄入量对于预防龋齿仍然很重要。研究一直表明，当游离糖的摄入量<15千克/人/年时，龋齿水平较低。尽管实验和动物研究表明一些含淀粉食物和水果具有致龋性，但流行病学数据并不支持这一点，流行病学数据表明，高摄入量的淀粉类主食、水果和蔬菜与低龋齿水平相关。遵循全球建议，鼓励食用富含淀粉类主食、水果和蔬菜且游离糖和脂肪含量低的饮食，将对口腔健康和整体健康都起到保护作用。
