Bengtsson Sara L, Ullén Fredrik
Neuropediatric Research Unit, Dept. of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Neuroimage. 2006 Mar;30(1):272-84. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.019. Epub 2005 Oct 24.
When performing or perceiving music, we experience the melodic (spatial) and rhythmic aspects as a unified whole. Moreover, the motor program theory stipulates that the relative timing and the serial order of the movement are invariant features of a motor program. Still, clinical and psychophysical observations suggest independent processing of these two aspects, in both production and perception. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to dissociate between brain areas processing the melodic and the rhythmic aspects during piano playing from musical scores. This behavior requires that the pianist decodes two types of information from the score in order to produce the desired piece of music. The spatial location of a note head determines which piano key to strike, and the various features of the note, such as the stem and flags determine the timing of each key stroke. We found that the medial occipital lobe, the superior temporal lobe, the rostral cingulate cortex, the putamen and the cerebellum process the melodic information, whereas the lateral occipital and the inferior temporal cortex, the left supramarginal gyrus, the left inferior and ventral frontal gyri, the caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum process the rhythmic information. Thus, we suggest a dissociate involvement of the dorsal visual stream in the spatial pitch processing and the ventral visual stream in temporal movement preparation. We propose that this dissociate organization may be important for fast learning and flexibility in motor control.
在演奏或感知音乐时，我们会将旋律（空间）和节奏方面体验为一个统一的整体。此外，运动程序理论规定，运动的相对时间和序列顺序是运动程序的不变特征。然而，临床和心理物理学观察表明，在音乐的产生和感知过程中，这两个方面是独立处理的。在这里，我们使用功能磁共振成像来区分在根据乐谱弹奏钢琴时处理旋律和节奏方面的脑区。这种行为要求钢琴家从乐谱中解码两种类型的信息，以便演奏出想要的音乐片段。音符头部的空间位置决定了要敲击哪个钢琴键，而音符的各种特征，如符干和符尾，则决定了每个按键的时间。我们发现，枕叶内侧、颞上叶、扣带回喙部、壳核和小脑处理旋律信息，而枕叶外侧和颞下皮质、左侧缘上回、左侧额下回和额腹回、尾状核以及小脑处理节奏信息。因此，我们认为背侧视觉流在空间音高处理中存在分离性参与，而腹侧视觉流在时间运动准备中存在分离性参与。我们提出，这种分离性组织可能对运动控制中的快速学习和灵活性很重要。
