Hesler Louis S, Riedell Walter E, Langham Marie A C, Osborne Shannon L
USDA-ARS, Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, 2923 Medary Avenue, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2005 Dec;98(6):2020-7. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-98.6.2020.
Planting date effects on arthropod infestation and viral plant disease are undocumented for winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in South Dakota and the northern Great Plains. Winter wheat was planted over three dates (early, middle, and late; generally from late August to late September) to determine the effect on abundance of insect pests, incidence of plant damage, incidence of viral plant disease, and grain yield. The study was conducted simultaneously at two sites in South Dakota over three consecutive cropping seasons for a total of six site yr. Cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) were abundant in three site yr. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), bird cherry-oat aphid, was the most abundant cereal aphid at the Brookings site, whereas Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), greenbug, predominated at Highmore. Aphid-days were greater in early versus late plantings. Aphid abundance in middle plantings depended on aphid species and site, but it usually did not differ from that in early plantings. Incidence of Barley yellow dwarf virus (family Luteoviridae, genus Luteovirus, BYDV) declined with later planting and was correlated with autumnal abundance of cereal aphids. Incidence of BYDV ranged from 24 to 81% among 1999 plantings and was < 8% in other years. Damage to seedling wheat by chewing insects varied for two site-years, with greater incidence in early and middle plantings. Wheat streak mosaic virus, spring infestations of cereal aphids, wheat stem maggot, and grasshoppers were insignificant. Yield at Brookings was negatively correlated with BYDV incidence but not cereal aphid abundance, whereas yield at Highmore was negatively correlated with aphid abundance but not BYDV incidence. Planting on 20 September or later reduced damage from chewing insects and reduced cereal aphid infestations and resulting BYDV incidence.
在南达科他州和大平原北部，冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）的播种日期对节肢动物侵害和病毒性植物病害的影响尚无记录。冬小麦分三个日期播种（早播、中播和晚播；一般从8月下旬至9月下旬），以确定对害虫数量、植物损害发生率、病毒性植物病害发生率和谷物产量的影响。该研究在南达科他州的两个地点连续三个种植季节同时进行，共计六个地点年。在三个地点年中，谷物蚜虫（同翅目：蚜科）数量较多。禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)），即鸟樱桃燕麦蚜，是布鲁金斯地点数量最多的谷物蚜虫，而麦二叉蚜（Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)），即麦长管蚜，在海莫尔占主导地位。早播的蚜日数比晚播多。中播时蚜虫数量取决于蚜虫种类和地点，但通常与早播时无差异。大麦黄矮病毒（黄症病毒科，黄症病毒属，BYDV）的发生率随播种时间推迟而下降，且与秋季谷物蚜虫数量相关。1999年种植的BYDV发生率在24%至81%之间，其他年份低于8%。咀嚼式昆虫对小麦幼苗的损害在两个地点年有所不同，早播和中播时发生率更高。小麦线条花叶病毒、春季谷物蚜虫侵害、麦茎蜂和蝗虫的影响不显著。布鲁金斯的产量与BYDV发生率呈负相关，但与谷物蚜虫数量无关，而海莫尔的产量与蚜虫数量呈负相关，但与BYDV发生率无关。9月20日或之后播种可减少咀嚼式昆虫造成的损害，降低谷物蚜虫侵害及由此导致的BYDV发生率。
