Gao Xiang, Wilde Parke E, Lichtenstein Alice H, Tucker Katherine L
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1341-6. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.5.1341.
The USDA issued the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) to help Americans choose healthy diets. We examined whether adherence to the 1992 and 2005 FGP was associated with moderate energy and adequate nutrient intakes. We used data for 2138 men and 2213 women > 18 y old, from the 2001-2002 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Quadratic programming was used to generate diets with minimal departure from intakes reported for the NHANES 2001-02. We examined the effect of the number of servings/d of Food Pyramid groups set at 1992 and at 2005 FGP recommendations for 1600, 2200, and 2800 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) levels. We calculated energy and nutrients provided by different FGP dietary patterns. Within current U.S. dietary practices, following the 1992 FGP without sodium restriction may provide 200 more kcal than recommended for each energy level. Although it can meet most of old nutrient recommendations (1989), it fails to meet the latest dietary reference intakes, especially for the 1600 kcal level. The 2005 FGP appears to provide less energy and more adequate nutrient intakes, with the exception of vitamin E and potassium for some groups. However, without discretionary energy restriction, Americans are at risk of having excessive energy intake even if they follow the 2005 FGP food serving recommendations. Our analysis suggests that following the 2005 FGP may be associated with lower energy and optimal nutrient intake. Careful restriction of discretionary calories appears necessary for appropriate energy intakes to be maintained.
美国农业部发布了食物指南金字塔（FGP），以帮助美国人选择健康饮食。我们研究了遵循1992年和2005年的FGP是否与适度能量摄入和充足营养素摄入相关。我们使用了来自2001 - 2002年美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）的2138名18岁以上男性和2213名女性的数据。采用二次规划生成与2001 - 2002年NHANES报告摄入量偏差最小的饮食。我们研究了按照1992年和2005年FGP建议设定的食物金字塔组每日份数对1600、2200和2800千卡（1千卡 = 4.184千焦）能量水平的影响。我们计算了不同FGP饮食模式提供的能量和营养素。在美国当前的饮食习惯中，遵循1992年的FGP且不限制钠摄入，可能会使每个能量水平的摄入量比推荐量多200千卡。尽管它能满足大多数旧的营养素推荐标准（1989年），但无法满足最新的膳食参考摄入量，尤其是对于1600千卡能量水平。2005年的FGP似乎提供的能量较少，营养素摄入更充足，但某些群体的维生素E和钾除外。然而，如果不进行 discretionary 能量限制，即使美国人遵循2005年FGP的食物份数建议，也有能量摄入过多的风险。我们的分析表明，遵循2005年的FGP可能与较低的能量摄入和最佳营养素摄入相关。为了维持适当的能量摄入，似乎有必要仔细限制 discretionary 卡路里。
