Rasooly Avraham, Herold Keith E
National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Cancer Diagnosis Program, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
J AOAC Int. 2006 May-Jun;89(3):873-83.
Biosensors are devices which combine a biochemical recognition element with a physical transducer. There are various types of biosensors, including electrochemical, acoustical, and optical sensors. Biosensors are used for medical applications and for environmental testing. Although biosensors are not commonly used for food microbial analysis, they have great potential for the detection of microbial pathogens and their toxins in food. They enable fast or real-time detection, portability, and multipathogen detection for both field and laboratory analysis. Several applications have been developed for microbial analysis of food pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as various microbial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins and mycotoxins. Biosensors have several potential advantages over other methods of analysis, including sensitivity in the range of ng/mL for microbial toxins and <100 colony-forming units/mL for bacteria. Fast or real-time detection can provide almost immediate interactive information about the sample tested, enabling users to take corrective measures before consumption or further contamination can occur. Miniaturization of biosensors enables biosensor integration into various food production equipment and machinery. Potential uses of biosensors for food microbiology include online process microbial monitoring to provide real-time information in food production and analysis of microbial pathogens and their toxins in finished food. Biosensors can also be integrated into Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point programs, enabling critical microbial analysis of the entire food manufacturing process. In this review, the main biosensor approaches, technologies, instrumentation, and applications for food microbial analysis are described.
生物传感器是一种将生化识别元件与物理换能器相结合的设备。生物传感器有多种类型，包括电化学传感器、声学传感器和光学传感器。生物传感器用于医疗应用和环境检测。尽管生物传感器在食品微生物分析中并不常用，但它们在检测食品中的微生物病原体及其毒素方面具有巨大潜力。它们能够实现快速或实时检测、便携性以及用于现场和实验室分析的多病原体检测。已经开发了几种用于食品病原体微生物分析的应用，包括大肠杆菌O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌，以及各种微生物毒素，如葡萄球菌肠毒素和霉菌毒素。与其他分析方法相比，生物传感器具有几个潜在优势，包括对微生物毒素的检测灵敏度在纳克/毫升范围内，对细菌的检测灵敏度小于100菌落形成单位/毫升。快速或实时检测可以提供有关被测样品的几乎即时的交互信息，使用户能够在食用或进一步污染发生之前采取纠正措施。生物传感器的小型化使其能够集成到各种食品生产设备和机械中。生物传感器在食品微生物学中的潜在用途包括在线过程微生物监测，以在食品生产中提供实时信息，以及对成品食品中的微生物病原体及其毒素进行分析。生物传感器还可以集成到危害分析与关键控制点计划中，对整个食品制造过程进行关键微生物分析。在这篇综述中，描述了用于食品微生物分析的主要生物传感器方法、技术、仪器和应用。
