Dennis Tracy, Bendersky Margaret, Ramsay Douglas, Lewis Michael
Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2006 Jul;42(4):688-97. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.688.
Children prenatally exposed to cocaine may be at elevated risk for adjustment problems in early development because of greater reactivity and reduced regulation during challenging tasks. Few studies have examined whether cocaine-exposed children show such difficulties during the preschool years, a period marked by increased social and cognitive demands and by rapid changes in reactivity and regulation. The authors addressed this question by examining frustration reactivity and regulation of behavior during a problem-solving task in cocaine-exposed and -unexposed preschoolers. Participants were 174 4.5-year-olds (M age = 4.55 years, SD = 0.09). Frustration reactivity was measured as latency to show frustration and number of disruptive behaviors, whereas regulation was measured as latency to approach and attempt the problem-solving task and number of problem-solving behaviors. Results indicated that cocaine-exposed children took longer to attempt the problem-solving task but that cocaine-exposed boys showed the most difficulties: They were quicker to express frustration and were more disruptive. Effect sizes were relatively small, suggesting both resilience and vulnerabilities.
产前接触可卡因的儿童在早期发育中可能因在具有挑战性的任务中反应性增强和调节能力降低而面临更高的适应问题风险。很少有研究考察过接触可卡因的儿童在学龄前阶段是否会出现此类困难，这一时期的特点是社会和认知需求增加，以及反应性和调节能力的快速变化。作者通过考察接触可卡因和未接触可卡因的学龄前儿童在解决问题任务中的挫折反应性和行为调节来解决这个问题。参与者为174名4.5岁儿童（平均年龄 = 4.55岁，标准差 = 0.09）。挫折反应性通过表现出挫折的潜伏期和破坏性行为的数量来衡量，而调节能力则通过接近并尝试解决问题任务的潜伏期和解决问题行为的数量来衡量。结果表明，接触可卡因的儿童尝试解决问题任务的时间更长，但接触可卡因的男孩表现出的困难最大：他们更快地表达挫折感，且更具破坏性。效应量相对较小，表明既有恢复力又有脆弱性。
